<P><STRONG>Consumer-driven Health Plans:</STRONG> Those enrolled in “consumer-driven” health plans tend to have higher incomes, higher educational levels, and report better health behavior than do those in traditional health plans, according to a new report by EBRI that examines trends over the 2005–2011 period. <A href="http://www.ebri.org/pdf/PR968.26Apr12.CDHPs.pdf ">Press release. </A></P> <P><STRONG>Elderly Poverty Rates:</STRONG> Between 2005–2009, the rate of poverty among American seniors rose as they aged, as did the number of new entrants into poverty, according to a new report by EBRI. Poverty rates fell in the first half of the last decade for almost all age groups of older Americans (age 50 or older), though they increased since 2005 for every age group. <A href="http://www.ebri.org/pdf/PR967.25Apr12.EldPov.pdf">Press release. </A></P>
Characteristics of the Population With Consumer-Driven and High-Deductible Health Plans, 2005–2011
- Generally, the population of adults within high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and traditional health plans is split 50–50 by gender. In contrast, consumer-driven health plan (CDHP) enrollees were more likely to be female in 2010 and 2011.
- CDHP enrollees were roughly twice as likely as individuals with traditional coverage to have a college or post-graduate education. HDHP enrollees were also more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to have a college or graduate degree.
- CDHP enrollees have consistently reported better health status than traditional-plan enrollees.
- During the survey period, HDHP enrollees have been consistently less likely than those with traditional coverage to report that they smoke, but no recent differences were found in exercise rates, and differences were not found in obesity rates.
Time Trends in Poverty for Older Americans Between 2001–2009
- Generally, poverty rates fell from 2001–2005 for almost all age groups, and then started rising. This correlates to the two economic recessions that occurred during the last decade.
- During this period, poverty rates rose among seniors, as did the number of new entrants into poverty.
- Blacks, Hispanics, and single women face a higher poverty rate than other seniors.
- Poverty rates for women are nearly double of that of men for almost all survey years. For example, in 2009, the poverty rates were 7 percent and 13 percent, respectively, for men and women.
- The chance of suffering a health condition (acute or otherwise) rose 45–55 percent for those below the poverty line.
Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 6 Figure 4 Poverty Rates for Men and Women 65 or Above CDHP e Similarly, Smith, James P. “Conseq Education Appendix nAge— rolle 95.9 perc e Differences s It is had higher ofte ent n assumed th and 61.7 uen ic nes and Pre come tha percat CDHP ent o nd tr icaditional f tors those enro of Ne be ll-ees are plan w lo He w a enrolle alth Events.” In David W n more d abes, alth ove likely to theough poverty li be the young than di ise E ne, r ffed rences h e ited spectively, thos Analys e w ad be es in the ith tra hen ave ditional Time Trends in Poverty for Older Americans Between Characteristics of the Population With Consumer-Driven and Figure 1 Household Income, by Type of Health Plan, 2005–2011 Poverty Entry Rates for Men and W Povert Rate Into Pov y Rates Acros ert o s Different y men for A Indiv ges id Marital 65 or uals A A b Groups go es ve, 65+ 2001–2009 Economics of Aging, Chicago; University of Chicago Press; 2005: 213–240. suffered decli coverage, ning u “oth bec ntil er” h ause they 201e 1, alth whe con use n in diless health come ap tions, defin pears car ed to have e as a diag , on averag jnosis ump e.ed However, of high blood pressure, dia for both t tha he CDHP t is genera and H lly b D not wh etes, HP popu psycholo at has latio been ns gical . CDHP Figure 4 CDHP e This study nrolle sho is w e based on s s were the poverty rates rou dat ghl a f y twice rom the for as lik 20 me05 nel and women - y as in 2007 E dividual BRI/C who are 65 or s with ommonwealt traditio a hnal covera b Fu ove. Pov nd Consum e ge rty to rates for erism in have a coll Healt wom eg e h e or n ar Care post- e 14% Poverty Rates for Different Age Groups Over Age 50, 2001–2009 2001–2009 High-D 7% eductible Health Plans, 2005 Ages 65 2006 or Ab 2005– o 2007 ve, 2001–2009 2008 2011 2009 2010 2011 and H probl found in eD ms, or a HP the s enru o rthritis. So, t rveys. In mo llees have co hst years, the survey fo e cha nsistently re nce of su pofferi rted ng a higher und healt teducation l hat CDHP h condition e en vels (a rollees cute or than tra were other d le ition ss likely than wal-pl ise) go an es u enroll tph e roughly ose wit es. h 13.0% Survey an nearly graduadou te edu d t ble hc e 2008 of that ation in - of m all 2011 yea en EBRI/M for a rs of th lmost all GA Co e surve nsumer En survey years. y (Figure gagement 3). Ma IFor e le n 2011, xin H amp 24 e le, i al pe th Care n rcent o 2001, Surv f the CDH e p yP o . They enroll verty rate are ees on had for line men a was Ap pril 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 6.4% 18% Less than $30,000 By Paul By Sudipto Fronstin, Ph. Banerjee, Ph.D., D., Employee B Employee Ben enefit Research efit Research Insti Itn ute stitute U.S. Census B 25% ureau. “People and Households. Poverty. Historical Poverty Tables. Table 3. Poverty Status, by Age, a Female 45– traditional 55 percent coverage for those to be belo between w the the poverty agesline. of 2 1 and 34. In 2006, Age Groups 2010 and 2011, the CDHP population Figure 1 surveys of 5.7 gradu perc ate ent, de priv gr wee a hile T ately insur radit nd for ional 48 wome p ed erc n it adults a ent h was ad g11.9 15% es a coll 21 perce ege -64, 12% d nfie e t. In gre lde e 2 d , c 0 15% i09, t n Aug ompared he uspovert t14% of with eay rates w ch year. 12 11% percent a Th eree s 7 14% n perc d 2 urveys 4 ent perc wer 11% and 1 ent, e co 3nducte percent, d MaritalStatus 6.0% 11.9% 11.7% Age Groups Where the world turns for the facts Race and Hispanic Origin.” Online at www.census.gov/h on U.S. employee benefits. hes/www/poverty/data/historical/people.html b CDHP enrollees had consiste 15.9% ntly reported 15.9% better health status than traditional-plan enrollees. They have 6% 12% 11.6% was more likely than t HDHP h Select e population ed Demo with t grap raditiona hics, b l cove y Tyrage to pe of Healt be ag he Plan s 35 50-64 - , 2005–2011 44. No differences between the 11 17* 12* 9* 10 4* 8* to provide respectively. respectively, nationally representative S ofo tra , there ditional has pl nan en ot been a rolle data r n es. y cl HDHP e eosing of garding th n rolle the poverty e growth o es were also m rate ga f CDHPs and HDHPs, o p between re likely tha men n traditio and t and women hnal-pla e impact of t at n enro these h llees ese Couple 16% 5.6% Introduction c 11.0% historically e xhibited better health behavior than traditional-plan enrollees with respect to smoking, and until CDHP Introduction 11 13 6* 4* 3* 3* 3* 20.9% Figure 4 14.6% two groups were found in the perce 2005ntage bet 2006wee65 n th -742007 e Sin 75 ages gl -84 e Male of 85+ 2008 45 -54, and only 65- 2009 74 in 2 2010 009 was it 2011 found that the 5.3% plans, a to have older ages. n a coll d con Also, the eg sumer en e or gra previo d ga uat ge ue s ment more degr ly noted U-sh ee. generally, o ape in figure n th e 1 be is evi havior a dent in nd fiattitudes o gure 4 as well f ad. Startin ults withg priva fromt the e he alth Conc Wilkinso lusio n, RG. “Unhe n althy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality.” London: Routledge, 1996. In 2001, a handful of employers started offering health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs)—a then-new Retirement and health benefits are at the heart of w 13.9% orkers’, employers’, and our nation’s $30,000–$49,999 recently, exercise and sometimes obesity rates. HDHP enrollees have also been consistently less likely than Male Selected Health Status Indicators, by Type of Health Plan, 2005–2011 13.7% Single Female In the population last t 20% wit hre he traditional decades, th co e Unite verage was c d Stateo smprised of a had a mixed ex larger peri share of 55 ence in terms of -64-year poverty. Among -olds than the C yoD unger HP 4.8% insurance highs 14%of 20 cov 01,e rage. poverty rates decli High deductib ned les throu were defi gh 20 ned as i 05 for n both men dividual de an du d ctibles o women 75-84 and th f at least $1,0 en increased s 00 and f teadily. amily 5% a 10% a economic security Living i Char n a a pover cteristi T ty is pai raditional n. Fo fu cs of t l, but especially unded in 1978, EBRI is h he Popul so for the ation elderthe most authoritative and objective source of ly bec W W ause t ith Con heir optios s ns for um escapin er-D Dgriven a poverty are nd type of health plan. The most prevalent 19 HR 18.4% A plan 204.6% design 18 had a deducti 19 ble of at 17 18.4% least 17$1,000 for 16 employee- those with tra Td radit itional covera ional 18.2% ge to 49% report that they sm 49% 50% oke, but no r 48%ecent di 50% fferences 50% were foun 50% d in exercise Self-Rated Health Status 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Americans, population. poverty showed a slow but steady increase, while among older people it exhibited the opposite b deductibles of at least $2,000. Those with high deductibles and either an HRA or 85+ an HSA comprise 12.3% the CDHP b HDHP 19 30* 18 14* 16 14 16 information on these critical, complex issues. Health St limited. They t atus Differences ypically have fewer employment options, and t 17.1% hose may be further limited by health issues. only coverage HDHP and a tax-preferred account that could be tapped by workers and their families to pay their Endnotes 53 49 51 50 4.2% 48 46 47 rates, and diff High- Excellent/very good D Deducti erences have ble Hea never been lth Pla found in obesit n ns, 2005 y rates. It – – cann 2011, ot be determi p p. 2 ned from the survey c pattern—slowly but steadily decreasing (Card and Lemieux, 1997; Smith 1997; U.S Census Bureau, 2011). 12% c sample, and those with deductibles that are generally high enough to meet the qualifying threshold to make CDHP 4.0% a 22 24 13 10* 10* 11 10* CDHP 1 3.9% 57 50 57* 54* 52 44 15.6% 44 Poverty Rates Across Different Races for Ages 6 Programs such as Social Security were created to reduce the probabili 5ty that and Above people would fall into poverty out-of-pocket 4% Traditional health care expenses. In 2003, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and With the exception of 2007, the survey has never 42% foun 54% d differe49% nces in self-re 56% porte 59% d health status 59% betw 58% een wheth Similar r The HRS s er eplan sults wer urv des eys are conduc ign e foun had a d n w impact h ted every two years. The en com on pari he nalth g th status, s e HDHP pov m population oking, erty measure exerc with ise, or obesity h traditio as been report nal-corates. verage ed since 2002, enrollees. Other but the 8% However, the last decade has been very difficult financially for many Americans. It saw the worst bear $50,000–$99,999 tax-preferred bcontributions to an HSA, but without an account comprise the HDHP sample. 3.6% Female EBRI focus 15% es solely on emplo 10.0% y3.5% ee benefits research — no lobbying or advocacy. EBRI Employee Benefit Research Institute Notes (ISSN 1085 ?4452) is published monthly by the Employee Benefit Research during ol HDHP d age, and indeed old-age poverty rates hav 50 e 53 fallen notably 54* co9.8% mpared to t 54 59 hree or four 58 decades a 56 go. Modernization Act included a provision to allow individuals with certain high-deductible health plans to Figure 5 HDHP ensho rolle w es s and individu the poverty rates a als with for di traditi ffere ont nal covera races foge. r ag In co es 65ntrast, i and abn o six o ve. Wh ut o itefs seven years o have a muchf t loh w e survey er income reported in every survey corresponds to the income of the previous calendar year. For example, the 2002 7.0% than in 2009, HDHP en a rollees were less likely than those 9.5% with traditional coverage to be ages 21 -34; HDHP th 3.3% 10% Traditional 34 38 36 36 38 37 37 market since t c he Great 13.3% Depression, a 13.3% crippling housing crisis, and continued high unemployment. Amidst this, Traditional 51 51 Institute, 1100 13 9.1% St. NW, Suite 878, Washington, DC 20005-4 50 051, at $300 pe 52 r year o 50 r is included as part of a membership 50 50 EBRI stands alone in employee ben 1efits research as an independent, nonprofit, and nonpartisan CDHP Time Trends in Poverty for 58* O Older A 60* m m 65*erican 66* s s Be 64 twe e 67*en 200 66* 1 1– b Still, a significant number of seniors live in poverty, and data from the Health and Retirement Study (2002– contribute to a health savings account (HSA). HRAs and HSA-eligible plans are collectively known as survey reports poverty rate t (2009 was thehthe income for the calendar ye exc an blacks or beption), it Hispanics. The poverty was found thatar 2001. Sinc CDHP enrol ratese l e for blacks an poverty status is decided by c es were mord whit e likely tha es gener n tra ally e o dmparing income to the itional xhibit th -plan ee U-shape nrollees enrollees were more l HDHP ikely than those with traditional coverage to be ages 35 -44 only in 2010; other than in subscription. Periodicals postage rate paid in 36 Washingt 35on, DC, and additional mailing offi 38 40 43* ces.47* POSTMASTER 37 : Send address HDHP 47 51 49 50 52 54 53 the broad 3%orga tren nization. ds of poverty It analyzes a remainend d the rep so art me, but s resea the rch r11.8% e w data ere without some noteworthy spin o 11.8% r unde chrlying angesa . gend a. All findings, Good th 5.7% c 5.7% 6% More in 2010) show formati that poverty on abo c ut th rat e es increase 2011 EBRI/M wGA Consumer ith age. For m En ost age gagement grou in ps above Health Ca 5.6% 50,re poverty rates Survey can be decline found in d changes to: consumer-driv EBR en h I No etes alth , 1100 13 plans (CDHPs St. NW, S ). uite 878, Washington, DC 20005-4051. Copyright 2012 by Employee Benefit poverty threshold, the report described earl to report 2009, excel p. 10 ie CDHP lent or r (rates i very ncre good h ed povert ased sli ealth g y rate htly 33 (Fifg s correspond to the calendar oure 4). r whit 43es in Furth 2e 003 41 rmore, i ), with n 40 fo the uyears for which income was reported. rpoverty rates gene of t 45* he seven 54* years of t rally decl 33 he su ining rvey, from a 2011, there w CDHP as no difference in43 the percen 50 tages between the ages of 45 -54; and in 2007, 2008 and 2011 it 8% 43* 46 48 56* 56* whether on financial data, options, or trends, are revealing and reliable — the reason EBRI information is Traditional 45 35 38 34 32 34 34 5.1% Research Institute. All rights reserved, Vol. 33, no. 4. ( durin Frong s t tin h 20 e firs 11) $100, t half of the past deca . 000–$149,999 de and then started rising again. Ma brried 200 CDHP e 1 thro 10 n%rolle ugh e200 s were 5 a less l nd incr ikely to r easing from eport2 being in 005 throu fair gh or 2009. poor h Also, the ealth or dif that t ference hey h bet ad at l ween e th ast one c e poverty rates hronic This was found tha articthe le st gold sta ut the H dies thn D e dard HP pover po fo pulation was c ty trends r private amo analysts a ng ol omprised of a der nd Amer decisi icans larger on (a make share of 55–64-year ge 5 rs, 0 or olde governme r) bet nt w -ol policy een ds than 20 m 01 ake the po an rs, d 200 the media, and pulation 9. The HDHP 36 34 35 34 30 32 34 a a Traditional Initially, projections for growth of CDHPs 14 were strong. 14 In 14 real 3 ity, gro 14 wth has 17 been sl15 ow, but stea 17 dy. By the 2% c Traditional 60 74 78 67 78 76 75 of blacks an health conditi the d publi o whites n, thou c. has not gh the actua changed muc l differences h durin were g th se mperiod of t all. Despite his st the udy. In differe 2001, nces in se the lfdifference -reported was a health CDHP data with tr 6% for this aditiona study come l coverage. fro m the University of Mic 34 higa33 n’s Health and Retirement 29* 30 St 27udy (HRS 28* ), sponsored by 28* b Figure 5 4% b HDHP 11 5* 14 19* 16 19* 17 In every survey wave during that perioAT A d, a significantGL percentage of the poor AN CE are new entrants into poverty, end of 2010, HDHP 16 percent of employers 61 with 1 55*0–499 workers and 23 percent of employers with 500 or more 64* 62* 64* 68 67* The Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) was founded in 1978. Its mission is to Fair/poor little mor status, in only e tha select y n 19 perce c ears betwee ntage points, n 20dec 06 r and easing 2009 to hav aboeu traditional t 16 perce- npl taan en ge points in 2 rollees been mor 005, before e likel iny creasing than the National Institute on Aging, and the most comprehensive national survey of older Americans. Particularly, c Firm Size, by Type of Health Plan, 2005–2011 CDHP 2 13 7* 20* 25* 24* 14 23* a CDHP contribute to 59 , to encourag 61* 70* e, and to enhanc 71 e the developmen 70* 67t of sound empl 78 oyee benefit and new entries into poverty generally increase with age. The data show that 36.4 percent of those in workers offered either an HRA or HSA-eligible plan. As a result, about 21 million individuals with private Traditional Race—Few differences in enrollment 13 were found by 12 race. 13 Other than 10 in 209 05 and 20 711, there 9 was EBRI explores the breadth of employee benefits and related issues. again CDHP e 4% to arou nrollee ns d to report 17 percenta some type ge points ofin he 2alth 009.probl Similearly, m or chronic the differ con ence dition. betw een the poverty rates of whites References data ar1% e used from the RAND version of HRS, which provides a measure of poverty. RAND uses the poverty Who we are $150,000 or more Number of Employ programs and so ees 2005 und public policy 2006 2007 through objective 2008 2009resear 2010 ch and educati 2011 on. EBRI is the only Ha bs children 5% 4.1% poverty in 2001 came out of poverty by 2009, while more than 5 percent fell into poverty during this period. insurance, HDHP representing about 12 percent of the market 13 13 , were either 10 in a C 12DHP or an 11 HSA-e10 ligible plan. 10 3.8% a EBRI studies the world of health and retirement ben 3.7% efits — issue 3.7% s such as 401(k)s, IRAs, retirement no differenc 2% e in the distributi a on of enrollees when comparing the CDHP population with those covered by Charact teristics o of the Popu ulation Wi ith Consum mer-Drive en and Hig gh- and Hispanics has not c Traditionalhanged drastically. In 2001, th 3.4% e difference was approximately 26 percentage points, threshold levels from the U.S. Census private, nonprof Bure7779 au ( it, nonpar www.ce tisan nsus.gov/hh , Washington, DC-b es/www/ ased organi 10poverty/1 zat methods/m 0 ion com1 m2itted exclusivel easure.html), y to T c radit Selifonal -employed w ith no 34 employees 42 47 42 44 40 43 CDHP b 9 7*6*5* 8 5 6* Among demog incomraphic e ade s quacy, ub-groco ups nsu , sim ng er-drive le females n b an enefits, d blacSocia ks have th l Security, e highes tax treatment of both retireme t poverty rates. Also, those in nt and health (Fronstin 2011). CDHP enrollees exhi b bit mor a e health-conscious behavior than individuals with traditional coverage. In all years traditional planHDHP s (the 2005 diffpublic erence ma policy r y be es du earch e toand a small sample education on size o econom fi mi c snoriti ecurites, whic y and em h plo was addressed yee benefit issues. Deduc 2% t tible Healt th Plans, 2 2005–201 4 3* 1 1, by Paul F 9 r ron 9*stin, Ph.D 8 .,, EBRI 7* 14* which narrowed to Tr littl aditional e over 21 percent 2% age points 4% in 2009. 3% Howev 2%er, the 3% poverty 3% rate of “Ot 3% hers,” which HDHP 33 35* 37* 37 39* 40 39* F the com ronstin, Paul. position of "Findi HRS ngs from familthe 201 ies, and th 0 EBRI/MGA Consum e families’ incomeer Enga s to der gem ive t en he t in Health C poverty indic areator. Th Survey." e mea EBRI Issue sure used At least one chronic health condition** c 0%benefits, cost management, worker and employer attitudes, policy reform proposals, and pension assets poverty are almost 45–55 percent c b EBRI’s member more likely to suffer ship includes a from various h cross-section of ealth co pension funds; businesses; trade associations nditions as compared with ; of the survey, CDHP CDHP enrollees were less li 9* kely th 4*an those 11* with tra15* ditional covera 10 ge to 11 report that 24* they smoke. HDHP 9* 9* 9* 7* 7* 5* 9* in 2006). In 2 CDHP 011, a it was found that t 40 he CD 44 HP population was more likely to be white, non-Hispanic than the 45 46 49 47* 47 includes Asians, has shown a continuous decline over this period, with the gap between whites and others for this stu Brief, dy does not no. 350 ( 2003 incl Emplo udye e institutiona e Benefit Researc lize 2005 d family m h Institute, Dece embers. mber 20 2007 10). 2009 Traditional 54 49 49 52 52 50 52 and funding. There is widespread recognition that if employee benefits data exist, EBRI knows it. This artic ? Gen 0%le e erally, th examines th e pop p e ulati population olabor un n of a w d d ions; h ults with ith a CDHP ealthin hi car an e prov gh-deductibl d ho iders and insur w it differs e e health pl fr ers; om the government org anpopula s s (HDH tion w Ps anizations; ) aith tra n nd traditi and service firms. ditional onal c those who are not cl Source: E CDHP Bassified RI/Commoas poor. nwealth Fund C 8*onsumeris5m in Health C6* are Survey7*, 2005–2007; E553 BRI/MGA Consumer Similarly, 0% 0% duri Age 21–34 bng 2005–2009 (but not in 2010 and 2011), CDHP enrollees were less likely to report that they population with a traditional health plan. narrowing. For exam 2001 ple, in 2001, poverty rates 2003 of whites and others 2005 were 6. 2007 2 percent and 20 percent, 2009 HDHP 56 50 53* 56 54 52 55 Source: Employ Engagement i ee a Benefit R n Healesearch th Care S Institute estimates from urvey, 2008 -2011. the Health and Retirement Study (2002-2010).. healt th plans i20 s01 spllit 50–50 by g g20 ender. In co 03 n ntrast20 , con 05 sum mer-driven h 2007e ealth plan (CD DHP) enroll 2009 ee es health coverage. Data from the 2005 -2007 EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey 2–4 200 91 2003 2005 2007 2009 T c raditional 27 33 34 33 28 31 27 did not regularly exercise. In only three years of the survey (2005, 2009, and 2010), CDHP enrollees were . "Findin Note: Entry gs from the 20 rate is calculated 11 EBRI/MGA Cons as the percentage of people abov umer Eng e the poverty line in the prev agement in H ious wav ee alth Car who moved below e Surv the pov ey." e EBRI Issue Brief, rty line in the no. This study CDHP als a o examines how poverty rates have changed across different age groups and different 48 43* 45 45* 46* 45 48 respectively, a difference of nearly 14 percentage points. However, in 2009, the respective poverty rates Traditional b = heal ath plan with no deductible or <$1,000 (individual), <$2,000 (family). EBRI delive Source: Employ rs a stead ee Benefit Ry esearch stream of invaluable research and anal EBRI’s work advances knowledge and unders Institute estimates from the Health and Retirement Study (2002–2010).tanding of emplo ysis. yee benefits and their Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates from the Health and Retirement Study (2002–2010). Even though current w the av T broad tren er .aditional d (annual U.S. 15 Census 19 pover 19 ty rates) sho 16 ws that ol 15 d-a 16 ge poverty is 16 declining, this and th wer e 20 e e more lik 08HDHP -2011 E ely BRI/MGA Consum t to be female iin 2010 and er Engageme 2 2011. nt in Health Care Survey are used for the analysis. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute esti 18* mates from 24* the Health and R 21* etirement Study 20* (2002–2010). 25 21* 18* When comparing HDHP enrollees and traditional-plan enrollees it was found that in 2005, 2006, 2007, and less likely to 365 (Emp be obese. b loyee Benefit Rese arch Institute, December 2011). demogra Health problem*** phic groups within the older section of the population in the last decade. Exploiting the panel nature b importance to the nation’s economy among policymakers, the news media, and the public. It were 7.7 percHDHP ent an = high-deductible health plan w c d 11.7 percent, a difference ith deductible $1,000+ of only 4 perc (individual), $2,000+ (fam entage points. ily ), no account. EBRI publications include in-depth coverage of key issues and trends; summaries of research HDHP 31* 32* 27* 26* 25* 26 27* CDHP a 20* 24* 20* 23* 28 20* 19* study shows that there are still areas of concern: First, among seniors, poverty rates increase as they age. Differences between the population with traditional coverage and high-deductible health plan (HDHP) 2011 a hi Traditional gher c percentage of HDHP enrollees were white, non-Hispanic. The 2005 finding may also be due to 57 51 53 54 54 51 53 does this by conducting and publishing policy research, analysis, and special reports on ? CDHP P enrollees cw were roughly tw wice as likely as individuals with traditio onal coverage e to have a of the survey, CDHP = co the study nsu also mer-d reports riven healthestim plan wates of ith deductib what le $1,0 percenta 00+ (individge o ual), $f2 s ,0e 00 niors fa + (family)ll i , wn ithto acco poverty unt. as they age What we do finding CDHP s and policy develo 39* pments; 32*timely28* factsheet 25* s on hot topics; 21* 23 regular20 updates on legislative and Age 35–44 b Secondly, since 2005 new entries into poverty also increased with age. Finally, Hispanics, blacks, and single enrollees are also examined. With respect t HDHP o HDHP and traditional employee benef -plan enrolle its issues; holding educational br es, there were no statistically sign iefings for EBRI memb ificant diff ers, congressional and erences in the 57 53 55 57 57 54 57 a small sample size. * Difference b aetween HDHP/CDHP and traditional is statistically significant at p = 0.05 or better. regulatory developments; comprehensive reference resources on benefit programs and workforce and how colle their g ge or p poverty s 50– o199 st-gra a tatus duate ed evolve uc d over a ation. HD the HP perio e enrollees wer d of the stude e y. It also sh also moreows d likely than tr ifferences in health ad ditional-plan T c raditional 26 23 22 23 23 23 24 federal agency staff, and the news media; and sponsoring public opinion surveys on employee CDHP women Poverty Rates Across Different Marital face a much higher poverty rate than th 49 e rest o 44* Groups for Ages 6 f the seniors. 46* 45* 5 49* and Above 46 50 a New Entrants Into Poverty percentage obese in b any years of the survey and no recent differences in exercise. However, in all years of issue Trs adi ; and tionalmajor survey8 s of public 101 attitudes. 1 1211 8 13 enrolllees to h HDHP ave a college or g graduate degr ree. conditions of the poor and the no 25 n-poor. 25 24 24 24 27* 22 benefit issues. EBRI’s Education and Research Fund (EBRI-ERF) performs the charitable, Obese b Demographic Di c fferences Figure 6 the survey sho excep ws EBRI the poverty rates H t DHP 2010, Hmeetings DHP enrollees present an for differ 9 d were less lik e explore i nt marita 14 sl sues ely gr14 oups than tr with agaditio thou e 1365 o ght nal-plan r above. leade 15* enrol rs Clear from all se 13* leles to r y, poverty am 13 ectors. port thong at they Although Figur CDHP e 1 shows the trend in poverty rates across different age groups, it does not show what 31 32* 31 30 28 36* 30* CHECK OUT EBRI’S WEB SITE! a educational, and scientific functions of the Institute. EBRI-ERF is a tax-exempt organization Endnotes Income Differences Traditional Figure 3 Figure 5 36 Figure 7 30 27 26 31 29 29 c ? CDHP P enrollees h CDHP a ave consisten ntly r8 eport1 ed 21 b better he1 alth 1st31 atus tha21 n tradition21 al-pla2n enrollees. EBRI regularly provides congressional testimony, and briefs policymakers, member organizations, Gender—Generally, the population of adults, both within HDHPs and traditional health plans, is split couples smoked. is mu Age 45–54 ch lower than among sin supported b gles y co . Again, ntributions the and g U-shape des rants. cribed in the previous sections is evident b perce 1 ntage of the population is slipping below the poverty line as people age. From a retirement income HDHP Tracking the Poverty Rates Pove Art cros y Status Betw s Different een Races 2001 See (Fronstin 2011) for more informat Percentage of People Suffering ion about health reimbursement arra 33 A 28 cute and Other 30 ngements a 29 Health Conditions 28 nd health savin 27 gs 28 accounts. a Since 2007, CDHP enrollees have been more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be in households with Poverty Rates Across Different Age Groups and 200 the medi –499 a on employer benefits. Figure 3 Traditional 29 26 27 26 28 27 27 (exc 50 -50 ept b amon etwe ce g sin n me gn a le women, wh nd women.ere the Througpoverty rate i hout 2005 -20 n1 creased in 1, about 50 2003). percent However, of trad for co itional-plan uples, t enr he ch ollees anges policy standpoint, it is important to distinguish the number of people who are falling into poverty as they age ? During n the survey y period, HDHP enrollees have been con nsistently less s likely than th hose with CDHP a and 2009 for Those for Ages 26*65 or A 30 b A o g ve e, s 2001–2009 55–70 25 in 2001 23 23* 22* 25 b 100% Traditional 9898 10 89 $50, 2 000 or m E oB re in RI issu incom es e, pre but ss the rele natur asese of on ne the wsworthy difference developm has beenents, changin and i g. D s a umong ring 20the mo 05–200st 8, CDH widely qu P oted EBRI’s website is easy to use and packe Education, by Type ofd with useful information! Look for Health Plan, 2005–2011 HDHP 34 29 30 29 27 28 33* Figure 1 See http://www.mercer shows the poverty rates .com//press-relea EBRI Issue B for four 95.9% s different es//1400235 riefs are period age groups icals providing exp (50–64, 65 ert evaluati –74, 75– ons of emplo 84, 85 or above yee benefit issues and ) for the References were male 35% and 50 percent were female (Figure 1). HDHP enrollees have also been mostly split 50 -50 in poverty rates are very low: The highest two-year change in poverty rate for couples is less than half a b from those who simply r Smokes cigarettes emain poor as they get older. Figure 2 shows the rates of new entrants into poverty tradi 80%t tional covera c g ge to report t that they smo oke, but no re ecent differenc ces were foun nd in exercise e Employer Size Diffe HDHP rences 6877 7* 88 sources on employee benefits by all media. CDHP 1 enrollees were generally moretrends, as well like 34ly than tr28 as cr aditional itical analy -pl 30 ans es of enrolle emplo 28 es to yee benefit po have house 27 licies an hold income 27d proposals. of 30 $1 EB 50,0 RI Notes 00 or is a a 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 32.5% Suffered Acute Health Conditions these special features: five dif Our ferent survey years between 2001 and 2009. In every survey year, poverty rates in the 65–74 age perce 3 between ntage Traditional men po and women. int (betwe c en Whe 2007 n an it d has n 200o 9) t . Among be 23 en White an s even 50 ingl 24 es, women -50 s 24 plit ha , the ve a 20dihigher fferenc 18 po es bet verty rate t wee 15n Hh DHP an men. 15 Banerjee, Sudipto. “Expenditure Patterns of Older Americans, 2001–2009.” EBRI Issue Brief, no. 957 (Employee by age group. These entry CDHP rates are calcula 5* ted as 10 the per 8 centage of 7 people 7* above7 the pove 9rty line in the rate 90%s s, and differen nces were not t found in obe esity rates. The conditions are arthritis; asthma, emphysema, or lung EBRI directs members and other constituen disease; cancer cies to the informatio ; depression; diabetes; heart n they need and unde attack or rtakes new monthly periodical providing current information on a variety of employee benefit topics. Age 55–64 In the H ear igh slier chool byears of t graduathe s e or l urvey (20 ess 05–2009), the CDHP population was more likely than the population of more (Figure 2). In 2009 and 2010, CDHP enrollees were not more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to 70.7% HDHP Suffered Other Health Conditions group are lower than in the 50–64 age group. A 14* pos Black sibl 18* e ex 30.2% planat 14*ion could 15*be that 13* around that 12 point in 11* their enrollees and the popu a lation with traditional coverage was not statistically significant (such as in 2011, when For examp Benefit Res le, in 2 500 009, or ear m pov or ch Instit Bee lowe Pove rty rates for rty ute, F Line inebruar 2009 coy 2 uples, si 012). ngle men and single women were 4.1 percent, 15.6 per- resea a rch on an ongoing basis. previous survey wave who moEBRI’s ved belo Fundamentals of Em w the poverty line in th ployee Benef e currenti t Programs wave. Clearly, offers a straightfo the entry rates are rward, basic other he70 art disease; h % Traditional igh cholesterol; or h 17 yperten 18 sion, h18 igh blood pressu 19 re, or stroke. 21 19 22 • publications EBRI’s entire lib Traditional rary of research publicat 32% ions starts at the m 38% 42% a 33 in W % eb page. Click on 35% 38% EBRI 34% 30% c individuals with traditional coverage to have that coverage through a small employer (between two 29.0% and 29 have household income of a $150,000 or more, but in 2011 income jumped for the CDHP population, such that CDHP 14* 14* 15* 13* 13* 9* 9* b 28.4% lives, in80 divid % uals be Tradi gin tional to receive Social 54Security 45Hisp paanic yments, and also s 43 50 tart to rec 48 eive income from 52 49 their b Above Poveexplan rty Line ination 2009 of employee benefit programs in the private and public sectors. The EBRI cent a 47 perc nd ent o 20. 9 fEBRI the HDH perce maintains an nt, res P population pectively. T d analy was m his m zeale an s e ans that the mo d 53 st ever per comp cent y 1 i re was f n hen 5 sin si eve ma glele). databa wome In co n a se ntrast, dif g of e 401(k) 65 or fabove er -type ences liv prog ied n gender ram in s in the HDHP highest for HDHP the oldest age group 24 (85 or above). I 22 14n * 2025* 09, 17 6 perc * 26* ent in 14* this 25 age group were 13* 14 24 * ne1 w entr 0* 27* ants 12*into Issue Briefs and EBRI Notes for our in-depth and nonpartisan periodicals. b 27.0% employees) (Figure 5). In 20 10 and 2011, there were no statistically significant differences by employer size they w No regular exercise ere again more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to have household income of $150,000 or more. HDHP c Databook on E 33* mployee Benefits 29* 36 is a s38* tatistical r37* eference work on em 41* 37* ployee benefit programs Card, David, a c nd Thomas Le Dead bymieu 2009 x. “Recent Trends Others in Economic Status of North American Youth.” Industrial world. Its computer simulation analyses on Social Security reform and retirement income adequacy employer provided pension plans, if they have any. The poverty rate begins to rise in the 75–84 age group in have bee CDHP n foCDHP und between CDHP e 15nrollees and 16 those 6* wit 19 11 h trad * itional 19 11* coverage. 16* 10* In 2005, 8 16 * 2006, 10* an 22 d 200 79 *, poverty in Time Tr r 2 ends in 009. But bP P etw overty fo een 2007 an r r Older A d 2009, the m m povert ericy rate ans B B for sin etween gle men 2 2 incr 001–200 eased by close to 9 9, by Sudip 4 per to to- a 69.6% poverty. From 2005 onwards, thes 25.5% e rates have increased for every age group. For example among 75–84 60% c th Traditional 24 25 25 25 21 23 24 between 70 the % CDHP CDHP population an and work for d the 36* pop ce-r ulation o ela31* ted isf s i undi es.40 viduals with 42 traditional 48 cover 49 age. 49 24.8% Poverty Status Unavailable in 2009 SomRelati e colare lege ons R uni , tre ade que. search Associ or businessatio school n 49 Annual Proceedings, 1997: 98–105. every year exc White e, pt non-His 2005, panic and in all years it increases sharply for those 85 or above. 25% b centage points there Banerwer jee, ePh. no statistically si D , ., EB compared wi RI gnif th a 2.5 icant di per ffer cen ences tage p betw oint inc een CDHP rease f e on r si roll ng ees an le wod those men. with traditional • year olds, Visit EBRI’s blog. 3.3 percent were new entrants in poverty in 2005. That increased to 5.6 percent in 2009. HDHP a a 15* 25 20* 21 19 19 21 Similarly, during 2006 -2009 and again in 2011, CDHP enrollees were more 23.0% - likely than traditional-plan Source: EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey, 2005 2007; EBRI/MG 61.7% A Traditional 31 29 29 31 31 28 30 Traditional 71 71 71 72 70 70 69 $47,20 0 c 22.1% coverage. However, in 2007 and 2008 CDHP enrollees were more likely than those with traditional coverage - CDHP b Consumer Engagement in Health Care Su 16* rvey, 2008 21.5% 19* 2011. 17* 17* 13* 20 20 60% b When comparing HDHP enrollees Contact EBRI with tradi tional-plan Publications, (2 enro02) 659-0670; llees it was fofax publication und that, in all years o orders tof (20 the survey 2) 775-6312. enrolleH es to 50 DHP % have household income of $100,003 06 -$150,3 000.6* 3028262629 Grossman M. “On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health.” Journal of Political Economy, 1972: ? Gene erally, p HDHPoverty y rates fel 94* l fro om 2001–200 83* 5 for alm 78* ost 77 a all age gro 72ups s, and then s 72 tar74* ted rising. EBRI makes information freely available to all. Poverty rates are highest for those age 85 or above. For comparison, in 2009, the U.S. Census Bureau a Source: EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey, 2005 20.0% -2007; EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health • EBRI’s reliable health and retirem c Traditional = health plan with no deducte ibnt surveys ar le or <$1 ,000 (individe just a click away through the topic boxes at ual), <$2,000 (family). to be male, and in 2 c 010 and 201 Subscriptions to 1 CDHP enrollees EBRI Issue Bri were more like efs are included ly than those as part of with EBRI traditional membership, or as part of coverage to be a CDHP 28 33* 24 22* 24* 25 21* except 2007, HDHP enrollees were less likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be from large employers (500 CDHP Health Conditions of Those Below and Above the Poverty Line 20% 80(2): 22 EBRI assume 3–255 s a public 93* service re 81 sponsibility 75 to make 76its finding 72s completely 78 acce79* ssible at www.ebri.org Orders/ This correlates to the two econ nomic recessio ons that occu urred during the last decad de. Tracking Poverty Status in a Longer Panel Care Survey, 2008 -2011. reported poverty b rate for all people above 65 was 8.9 pe 18.5% rcent. For HRS it was 10.5 percent. But for those 48.1% $199 annual subscription to EBRI Notes and EBRI Issue Briefs. Change of Address: EBRI, 50% HDHP = high-deductible health plan with deductible $1 ,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), no account. female. the top of the page. Col Specif lege griad cally, uate or 4 s 4 om per e cent of gradua CDH te woP rk enrollees were male and 56 percent were female in 2011. a Until 2010, the trend seemed to indicate that while there were still differences by household income, but Minority or more Traditional = health plan with no deductible or <$1,000 (individual), <$2,000 (family). — empl so that all deci oyees). They s were ions more that relate to emp likely to be from loyee small em benefits, ploy wheth ers in er all y made ears of t in Cong he surv ress ey or bo except for ard room s or 40% c Declining health and rising medical expenditures could be among the drivers of poverty. A positive correlation a 1100 13th St. NW, Suite 878, Washington, DC, 20005-4051, (202) 659-0670; fax number, Figure above 85 it 2 uses was 14.6 percent. What acco two-year CDHP = c pa onsne umer ls to construct -driven health punts for lan the with de entry du the in ctiblrat e $cr 1 es into ,0easing pover 00+ (indiv poverty. But idual), $ty rates of olde 2,000+ (f data amily), on with a poverty are r Americ ccount. ans? As available to people Traditional a 36.4% 24 22 20 24 23 22 24 b Subscriptions ? During n this period d, poverty rate es rose among seniors, as did the numb ber of new en ntrants into Traditional Hurd, Mich those wefamilies’ re ael les D. and Arie Ka s than hom what es, th are pte ey w based yn. “ 28 ere W ealth on the highe in 20 and Ro 05. Ho 29 wever, le of In st 29 qualit stitutions.” with t y, most depe he jum 28 Jour p nal of Hu in incom nda 30 ble man e am informatio Reso 30 ong C urces D n. HP EBRI’s Web , 20 31 enr 03: 38(2): ollees in site posts HDHP = high-deductible health plan with deductible $1,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), no account. 2010. b (202) 775-6312; e-mail: subscriptions@ebri.org Membership Information: Inquiries = between H 40 DHP hea % lth an * Diff bd erewealt nce beth i wee sn H well DH-doc P/CDume HP annted d tradi 34 in tio econo nal is sta3 tm i5* stics literatur ically signi 4f0* icante at (Wilki p 4 0. 2* 05 o nson, 1 r better 4996; .2* Smith, 45* 1999). 42The * age, personal savings and pension account balances deplete. The total Social Security benefit received by a • construct a Need a number? Check out the c longer panel from 2001 to 20EBR 09. Fi I Databook on Employee Benefits. gure 3 uses this longer panel to track the poverty status of Marital Status and Children—In 2006 -2009 and 2011, HDHP enrollees were less likely to be married 15% HDHP pov CDHP = consumer-driven health plan with deductible $1,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), with account. e erty. 6* 17* 22* 24 27 28 25* all research findings, publications, and news alerts. EBRI also extends its education and public service 386–415. 2011, the trcend may be reve rsing itsel regardingf EBRI . membership and/or contributions to EBRI-ER 13.7% F should be directed to EBRI 28.9% CDHP 46* 41* 41* 44* 46* 44* 48* c direction of 30% causation has been a subject of extensive research as well. Several studies (Grossman, 1972; 12.4% those who family is reduc were 5 ed with 5–70 y the e de ars old i ath of n a spo 2001. uOf those se. These who fact o were rs potentia below th lly l e pove ead to rty lin rising e poverty at ol in this group, der 28.9 ages. per- than those wit CDHP h traditional coverage. 7* Similarly, in 19 2006 25 -2007 an 24 d 2009, CDH 28 P enroll22 ees were less 21* likely to be * Difference between HDHP/CDHP and traditional is statistically significant at p role to improving Americans’ financial knowledge thro = 0.05 or better. ugh its award-winning public service campaign President Dallas Salisbury at the above address, (202) 659-0670; e-mail: salisbury@ebri.org $26,160 11.7% Gradua 30% te degree ® ? Black ks, Hispanics, and single w women face a higher pover rty rate than o other seniors.. • Instantly get e-mail noti?cations of the latest EBRI data, surveys, publications, and meetings Smith, 2 ** Arthritis; asthma, emphysema or lung disease; cancer; depression; diabetes; heart attack or other heart disease; high choles 005; Michaud and Soest, 2008) have explored whether declining health causes declining wea terol; or lth. Conc Also, as peo lusio Sp ource: E ln e ag e, th BRI/Co eir m mmonw edical ealth Fund C expeondi nsum ture i erismn icreases n Health C steadily are Survey (Ban , 2005–erjee, 2007; EB201 RI/M2). GA C Looking closel onsumer Engagem y at the ent cent r emaine ChoosetoSave d poor in 2009, and and 3 the co 6.4 21.8% mpanio percent move n site ww d a w.c bove the hooset povert osave.o y line. rg Just over 1-in-5 (21.8 percent) Micha married than ud, Pierr te h-Carl, a ose wit a nd Arthur Van So h traditional covest. “Health a erage. nd Wealth of Elderly Couples: Causality Tests Using Dynamic The trend is less clear with respect to differences in income when comparing HDHP enrollees with individuals Traditional 1311 9 12111012 $8,707 hypertension, high blood pressure or stroke. 10% in Health Care Survey, 2008-2011. Editorial Board: Dallas L. Salisbury, publisher; Stephen Blakely, editor. Any views expressed in this publication and those of the authors should Others and sem (H 20%urd and inars by clicking on the “Notify Me” or Kapteyn, 2003; Smith 2005) have explored “RSS” buttons at the top of our ho whether declining wealth causes declining me page. b of them individual w age groups it ere deceased ca by n be noted 2009, and no that p there has overty status been a U was availa -shaped ble for the trend over t rest. I he years durin n contrast, ofg those who the last It is very HDHP Pane diffic l Data Mo ult to gen dels.” eralizJour e thnal e differen of Health Eco ces in 16ch noaract mics; Septem 12 eristics among CDHP ber 20 17* 08; 27( 17* enrol 5): 1312– l18 ees, HDHP *1325. 18* enrollees, an 17* d ? Pove erty rates for w women are ne early double o of that of me en for almost a all survey yea ars. For exam mple, with traditio 20% a nal coverage. In general, there have been few income differences between HDH 7.7% P enrollees and *** Health problem defined as fair or poor health or one of eight chronic health conditions. not be ascribed to the officers, trustees, members, or other sponsors of the Employee Benefit Research Institute, the EBRI Education and Traditional = health plan with no deductible or <$1,000 (individual), <$2,000 (family). c HDHP enrollees were less likely than 6.6% traditional-plan enrollees to have children in 2006, 2007, and 2011. In EBRI is sup health. C Fi DHP gure 7 shows t ported b hy e poverty healt organizations from all industries and sectors that appreciate the value of h correlation 12.9% 20* in t 1h 5e HRS d 24* ata: Among r 24* espon 21* dents belo 21*w the 24 poverty * decade. Gener 6.2% ally, the poverty rates have fallen from 2001 to 2005 for 6.3% almost all a 12.5% ge groups and then were above the poverty line in 2001, 70.7 percent continued to be so. But 5.3 percent in this group fell into Resear indivich Fund, duals b wit or their h traditional staffs. Nothin cog her verage, ein is to be co but a fe nstr w ued as an attem differe 5.9%nces stand o pt to aid oru hi t. nder the adoption of any pending legislation, regulation, traditional in 20 0-09, the plan enro pove llees, rty rates and in 20 wer 11, t e e 7 percent a he differenc nd 13 per es that wce ere n n statistically signi t, respectively, for men ficant we11.5% a re n n none d wom theless en. HDHP = high-deductible health plan with deductible $1,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), no account. Smith, James P. “T or interpretative So urce: EB ru R le, or as I/Cohe Chang mm legal, onwea acco ltih ng Econ F unting, und Cactuarial, o oom nsum ic C eris ircumstanc r m other such prof in Health C es o are essional advice. S f the Elderl urvey, 2005 - y 20 : Income, W 07; EBRI/M Gealth, and Soc A Consumer Enga ial S geme ec nu t rit in y.” contrast, the unbiased, reliable information on emplo line, 69.10 6 %perc differ ent of ences respo bet ndents have ween CDH suf P and tra fered acute dition yee b a h l-e plan enefits. alth con enrol d Vis litions ees iprior to t —defi www.e n 2 eb d 010 ri.o as a and in 20 rg dia /about/join/ gnosis of 11 w c for more. ere ancer, not 10% c There’s lots more! p started risin overty by 200 g. This corr 9, and 12 elates .5 pe to the two rcent were ec deonomic rec ceased. Me edi ssions that occ an household i un rred come fo during th r thoe last se with deca an assigned de. 5% small. CDHP = consumer-driven health plan with deductible $1,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), with account. Health Care Survey, 2008–201 1. 5.3% ? The c chance of sufffering a healt th condition ( (acute or othe erwise) rose 4 45–55 percen nt for those be elow Center for Policy Research Policy Brief no. 8/1997, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 1997. statistically significant. In most years of the survey, both the CDHP and HDHP populations were less likely to be young (ages 21 -34) lung disease, heart problems or stroke—compared with 48.1 percent for those above the poverty line. poverty s a tatus * Difference betw is also sho een HDHP wn in Fi /CDHP gure and traditiona 3. Even thou l is statistically gh 36.4 p significant at p ercent of = t 0.05 or better. hose who were poor in 2001 moved Traditional = health plan with no deductible or <$1 ,000 (individual), <$ 2,000 (family). EBRI Notes is registered in the U.S. Patent and T Visit EBRI on-line today: rademark Office. ISSN: 1085 ?445www.ebri.org 2 1085 ?4452/90 $ . 50+.50 0% $9,600 the p poverty line. b than the population with traditional coverage. There were no differences in the portion ages 45 -54 and no HDHP = high-deductible health plan with deductible $1 ,000+ (individual), $ 2,000+ (family), no acco unt. out of poverty 0% by 2009, their median income ($26,160) was much lower than the median income ($47,200) Below Poverty Line Above Poverty Line Smith, James P. “Healthy Bodies and Thick Wallets: The Dual Relationship Between Health and economic Status.” 0% c Below Poverty Line in 2001 Above Poverty Line in 2001 CDHP = consumer-driven health plan with deductible $1,000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), with account. recent differences in the portion ages 55 -64. In 2006, 2010, and 2011, the CDHP population was more likely of those who continued to be above the poverty line. 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 Source: Employ Journal of Eco ee Benefit R nom esearch ic Pers Institute estimates from pectives, 1999: 1 the Heal3 th and (2): 145– Retirement Study 166. (2002-–2010). * Difference between HDHP /CDHP and traditional is statistically significant at p = 0.05 or better. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates from the Health and Retirement Study (2002-–2010). than the Note: C population with tra ancer, Lung disease, Heart dProblems itional cov and Stro eke are classified rage to be as acute health ages 35 - conditions 44. . th Note: T Source: Employ he dollar amounts ee Benefit R represent esearch the median Institute income estimates of the corresponding from the Health and R groups etirement in 2009. Study (2002–2010). © 2012, Employee Benefit Research Institute 1100 13 Street ?Educ NW · Suite 878 ation and Re search Fund. All rights reserved. High blood pressure, diabetes, psychological problem, arthritis are classified as other health condition. Washington, DC 20005 ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org ebri.org No No No No No No No No No Notttttttttte e e e e e e e e es s s s s s ss s s • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 13 10 16 11 17 9 2 6 4 8 (202) 659-0670 www.ebri.org www.choosetosave.org A monthly newsletter from th he EBRI Educatio on and Research h Fund © 2012 E Employee Beneffit Research Instiitute ebri.org ebri.org Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 ebri.org Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 ebri.org Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 ebri.org Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 ebri.org Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 Notes • April 2012 • Vol. 33, No. 4 15 14 12 3 7 5 8.4% 8.8% 8.3% 8.5% 7.9% 7.6% 8.2% 8.7% 9.4% 10.7%