'Characteristics of the Population With Consumer-Driven and High-Deductible Health Plans, 2005–2013,' and 'Labor-force Participation Rates of the Population Ages 55 and Older, 2013'

Consumer-Driven Health Plans: Compared with those in traditional health plans, those in so-called "consumer-driven" health plans tend to have higher income, more education, and be in better health, according to a new report by EBRI. <A href="http://www.ebri.org/pdf/PR1073.CDHP.17Apr14.pdf">Press release. </A> Labor-force Participation: Older workers—those 55 and older—are a growing presence in the American work force, a trend driven mainly by women, according to a new report by EBRI. <A href="http://www.ebri.org/pdf/PR1072.W-F-Prt.16Apr14.pdf">Press release. </A>

Characteristics of the Population With Consumer-Driven and High-Deductible Health Plans, 2005–2013

The population of adults within consumer-driven (CDHPs), high-deductible (HDHP) and traditional health plans was split about 50–50 between men and women in 2013.
The CDHP population was more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be in households with $150,000 or more in income in every year except 2006, 2009 and 2010. They were also more likely to be in households with $100,000–$149,999 in income in most years.
CDHP enrollees were roughly twice as likely as individuals with traditional coverage to have college or post-graduate educations in nearly all years of the survey.
CDHP enrollees have consistently reported better health status than traditional-plan enrollees, exhibiting better health behavior than traditional-plan enrollees with respect to smoking and (except for 2010 and 2011), exercise, and sometimes obesity rates.

Labor-force Participation Rates of the Population Ages 55 and Older, 2013

The labor-force participation rate for those ages 55 and older rose throughout the 1990s and into the 2000s, when it began to level off but with a small increase following the 2007–2008 economic downturn.
For those ages 55–64, the upward trend was driven almost exclusively by the increased labor-force participation of women, whereas the male participation rate was flat to declining. However, among those ages 65 or older, the rate increased for both males and females over that period.
This upward trend in labor-force participation by older workers is likely related to workers’ current need for continued access to employment-based health insurance and for more years of earnings to accumulate savings in defined contribution (401(k)-type) plans and/or to pay down debt. Many Americans also want to work longer, especially those with more education for whom more meaningful jobs are available that can be performed into older ages.
Younger workers’ labor-force participation rates increased when that of older workers declined or remained low during the late 1970s to the early 1990s. But as younger workers’ rates began to decline in the late 1990s, those for older workers continuously increased. Consequently, it appears either that older workers filled the void left by younger workers’ lower participation, or that higher older-worker participation limited the opportunities for younger workers or discouraged them from participating in the labor force.

Figure 1 Figure 7 Figure 3 Figure 9 Figure 5 upwar Withi Similar r Appendix—About the 2013 EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer Engagement Employer Size Diffe continue n de tr e a to r sults wer ch a end eg main activ was driv e sueb- foun grou en ed i ly al p among n most exclusive enga rences compari ged an thos ng th d e ages product le HDHP y by t 55 and hie ve. po incre Whatever pul older, as ation ed labor work for w tith tra heir -for motivation(s), cd ce pa e pa itional-cov rticipatio rticipatio era n rates the tre n of ge enroll wome nincrea ds ees. be n, g the s wher Other tha ed from qu eas the estion: 1n 9 i 7 n male 5 to 200 Will9, Labor-f Characteristics of the Popul orce Participation Rates of the Population Ages 55 ation With Consumer-Driven and Annual Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate for Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate Figure 2 for Americans Figure 4 Annual Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate of Annual Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate for Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate for Americans partici 201 HDHP e in Health Care Survey all work 0. Start pation n ers w rolle ing in rh eate was o nee s were 2011, d less l to flat the incr to i l kely than a dec ebor-force ase the linin those g. Ho ir fina parwever, t with ncial r icipation tra among thos esource d rate ition s be a continue l covera e a ablg ed to es to ge to 6 fi ri 5 nd jobs, be ages 21–34. They or o se among tho lder, partic labor-force ularly no se ages pa 65 w t were rtic ye ha ipation t more likely th ars or older the partic increipa ased (Figure an tion for In the earlier years of the survey (20 America 05 n– s A 2009 ges ), t55 and he CDHP po Older pulatio , by n Gender was more , 1975–2013 likely than the population with A Ho ges useh 55 o or ldOv Inco er, me, b by Educational Lev y Type of Healtel, h Plan March , 2005–2013 1987–2012 Selected Health-Status Indicator s, by Type of Health Plan, 2005–2013 and Older, 2013 High-Deductible Health Plans, 2005–2013 American Males Ages 55 and Older, by Age, 1975-2013 Americans Ages 25 and Older, by Age, 1975–2013 Ages 55 or Over, by Gender 10 , March 1987–2012 2), those wit both mal trend favorin while t e hs h tra an e g rd higher a d f itional tes dec emales covera educat line ov d efr that ge to ional atta or those a be a perio inme g gd es es . n 35– 55 t has l ?44 64 only . F evele or tin ho d 201 off? se a 0, a ge Continue snd 6 oth 5 aner tha d d employm olde n in r, t 2 he ra 0 e1 nt 1t an e in i old a n d cre 20a13, t g se e dis a here fron m aspirat 13 wer .7 e no p ion erc fo enr t The traditional Employe cov ee Ben rage to efit Resea have rch Institut that coverae ge (EBRI) and through sma Gre ll employers (b enwald & Associates creat etween two e an d th d 4e EBR 9 employe I/Greenw es) (Fi ald g & ure 5). Self-Rated April 2014 • Vol. 35, No. 4 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 65% 55% 90 50% % 90% 7 84.4% By By Crai Paulg Co Fronstin, pel Heal and, th Status Employ Ph.D., ee Bene Employee 2005 fit Resear Bene 2006 fit R ch Institut esearch 2007e In stitute 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 dif some and per in 1 fere 975 nces i to 18. n h 7 p the aps a ercent perce 83.1% fin in ntag anci 2al real 013. es bet ity for w For thos een th ote ag hers. It is, e unes of der 65, th 4ho 5–we 54. I e rate reac ver, n not so 2007, hed 73. 2 methin 008, 2 3 g on 011, percent i w an hich d 2 n0 2010 for workers s 12 it was tho h found ould depe se ages that 55–59 nd thefor the Associates Consumer En More recently Less t (20 han $30, 10–2000 012 gagement ), there wer in H ee no alth Care statistically si Surveygnif (CEHCS icant ) to differ examin ences e issue by ems pl surroundi oyer size b ng etw consumer-dire een the CDHP cted 81.7% 80.7% 80.2% 79.9% 63.2% 63.2% 63.3% Where the world turns for the facts a 79.6% 79.5% on U.S. employee benefits. 51.1% Excellent/Very Good 79.0% All This upward tr 49. end in 4% labor-force participation by older workers is likely 78.7% related to wo 78.8%rkers’ curr 78.5% ent need for 50.8% continued 62.3% 78.2% 78.0% 78.2% 78.0% 78.0% 60%Traditional 15% 12% 15% 14% 77.9% 11% 77.6%14% 77.6% 11% 50.5% 62. 8% 1% 50.4%11% ( HDHP po financi up f rom 65 ng of pul th .1 ati eir ret on incl percen ireme u t i ded a l n 19 nt 75 expenses. T arger ), wh share o ile amon hefrefore, 55–64-year g those as man age-o s l60 y d workers s than –64, th the e ra have already 77. po 0% te reac pulation 61.8% hed w 5 disc i 50.3% th t 5.2 overed, or percent raditiona in l cove ma 2010 (com y discover rage. pared in the 61.5% population health care,and that includin 61. of the population wi g t 4% ahe cost of insuranc the traditio , the cost of nal co F care verage, i61. gur 2%, satisfacti e 1 61. thou 2% gh in on wit 2013 h h the ealth CDHP care, satisfact population was mor ion with a hea e likely lth 80% 61.0% 61.0% 84.1% 84.0% 60.7% 80% 83.5% 83.8% 60.5% Tradi b tional 42% 54% 8 83.4% 49% 83.4% 56% 59% 59% 49.4% 83. 58% 1% 60% 56% 83.0% 82.8% 47.4% 59.8% 82.6% 82.0% 82.2% access to em HDHP ployment-based health insur 81.5% ance and for more years of earnings to accumulate savings in 81.6% 81.4% defined 50% 59.0% 11 17* 12* 9* 10 4* 8* 8 7* 81.0% b 80.7% Men 46.8% 80.1% with future, 48. the roa 2 percent i d to a n 1 nd through r 975). Select Yet, by ed etirem 2 Demo 013, ent the rat g is not always s raph es for ics, b b yo T th of m yooth. pe o these f Healt groups d h Plan ecreas , 2005–2013 ed to 72.4 percent and 46.5%55.0 per- 47.8% 46.4% than the care plan, population with tra reas HDHP ons for choosd ing itional cov a 50plan, an erage to 57. 53 d sources o 9% have co 54* f hv ee alth informati 54 rage throu 59gh on. an Th employ 58e 2013 CEHCS er 56 with 46.3%500 or is 56com 46. m 3%poarabl re em 55 e with ployees . 45% c 78.6% 57.6% 47.5% Introduction Introduction 46.0% 47.1% 55% 57.0% CDHP 46.8% Retirement and health benefits are at the heart of w c 11 13 6* 4* orker 3* s’, emplo 3* y 3* ers’, and our nation’s 4* 56.4% 4* 45.6% 56.2% 56.2% contributio Race— 70n % (401 With t (k) 75. -8% typ he e e)x p cept lans ion o and/or f 20 to 05, pay CDHP dow en nrollees debt 46.4% . Ol have der Am only rec ericans, part ently (201 icul1– arly those 2013) been mor in the private sec e likely than tor, 46.3% 65. CDHP 5% 58* 60* 65* 66* 64 67* 66* 69* 66* cent, respectively. 46.0% Women 55.2% 74.1% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 55.0% 2011 2012 2013 findings from 70% the 2005–2007 EBRI/Commonwealth Fun 45.7%d Consumerism in Health 44. Car 2% e surveys, and the 2008 -2012 $30,000–$49, 62.7%999 45.1% As In 2001, a the baby ha bndfu oom ge l of em neratio ploy n ag ers started o es, the Am fferin erican g health work r force is eimbursem folloent wing suit. arrangements (H In fact, the RAs)— percent a th age o en-nfew type o workers ages f Characteristics of the Popul economic security. Founded in 1978, EBRI is ation With Consumer-Driven and the most authoritative and objective source of 53.6% Good 60.8% 60.9% traditional increasingly h plan ave considera enrollees to bbe ly lnon-His ess access to guarant pan 44.3% ic white. The eed l 200 evels of inc 5 differe 52. n 9% ome (suc ce may have h as been pensions) due to or h a s em alth insuranc 60. all sampl 5% 60.5% e si eze o f 44.1% 59.9% 60.0% When com Ma pari le ng HDaHP enrollees with traditional-plan enrollees, it was found that, in all years of the survey except 50% 43.0% 59.1% 43.6% 51.7% 45% a 1 58.0% CEHCS. Traditional 19 20 18 19 17 42.6% 17 16 13 14 57.2% Endnotes Traditional a 47.1%57.0% 60% 45 35 38 34 32 34 34 32 33 55 a health information on these critical, complex issues. nd older plan. Th he mos as sharply t preva incr lent HRA eased. 56.1% - This plan is des occurring duri ign then had ng a a deduct time w iblhee of at l n workers are east $1,000 bearin for em g mor ployee-on e responsibi ly cov lity for erage 50.1% 55.6% 55.5% 50.2% 50.0%64.9% 64.9% Traditional 41.8% 54.9% 54.8% 54.9% 64.5% 64.5% b 49% 49.5% 49% 50% 49.7% 48% 54.5%50% 50% 50%49.4% 50% 64.3%49.5% 49% 49. 64. 5% 4% bene The increase i minorities, High-Deducti fits whe whi nn they r c la h was bor-force b e addres tire (o bpartici le Health Plans, 2005–2013, uts sed in ide o pation 2 f 0 gove 06 for the age . Whe rnment 49. n com 4% prog gro pari r 54. a ung 1% m pss). Contin below 54. H3% DHP a enro gue e 65 d em llees a was ployment n prima d tradi p. 2 rily driv t provi ional-plan den es th by t enr e h opportu oe i llees, it ncreases i nity fo was n r a 60% 49.1% 49.1% 49.1% 2007, HDH 40P % enrollees were less likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be with 62. lar 9% ge employers (500 or mor 44.5%e HDHP 41.0% 48. 62. 6% 4% 48.5% HDHP 36 19 34 30* 35 18 34 14* 30 48. 16 2% 3214 3416 34 44.3% 14 3620* 1 b 44.1% 40.5% 47. 40. 5% 4% 43.6% 40.3% along with funding th For the trend in the percenta eir r a HDHP tax-preferred a etirement expenses, as pr ccount that ge of workers by age group co ivate-sector uld be tapp wo edrf k rby work om 1987–200 ers today mo ers an4, see Jack Va re commonly d their families to pay o nDerhei, Craig have a de 40.2%fin u40. t-o e2% d contri Copeland, and f-pocke butio t healt n Dallas h 45% c c 53 49 51 50 48 40.1% 46 43.3% 47 40.0% 48 44 47.1% 59.2% 58.9% source of inco female found that labor-f in 200 m orce participat e outside o 5, 2006, 2f007, io Social S n rates, 2011, ecurity an as td 2 h, more o e mal 01 39.3 6% , a e la hi f a bor gh ch -er p force ance ercent partici to get th age pa of HDHP teir f ion rates o inanc en ial sit f rol those ag lees uations in were es 5 non bett 5–- 59 a Hispanic er con nd 6 dition, 0–6 whit 4 o e. were r to CDHP CDHP 34 33 29* 30 57.9% 27 28* 28* 25* 28* employees The 2013 s). urv Th ey was ey we co re mor ndue cted like22 withi ly to n th be f 24 e Unite rom small em d 13 Stateployers i s betw 10* een n all Au 10* ygus ears of t t 8 an 11h d Au e sur 39.gus 4% v10* ey exc t 20, e 201 pt 10 for 3, throu 2010. 12 gh a 13- 57.2% c 39. 45. 4% 3% 50% 56.4% 42.2% 56. 44. 3% 9% 55. 44. 7% 7% 55.9% 38.9% CDHP 44.5% 55.5% EBRI focuses solely on emplo 57 50 yee benefits research — no lobb 57* 54* 52 44 ying 44or advocacy 44* . 47 Salisbury, EBRI Emp 40 Retirement Security in the United % loyee Benefit Re 54. sear 5% ch Institute Not States. es Washin (ISSN 1085 gton, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institu ?4452) is published monthly by the Employee Be te, 2006. In 19 nefit Research 87, care e (401(k)-ty xpenses peFa ) . The plan ir/Poo (which r Medicar tyepically Prescri 54.2% require 43. p 7% 54. tion 2% 54. Drug, s workers to 0% Improve co m ntribut ent, an 38.3% e). d Mo Employment dernization -bas Aced r t of e20 tire 03 e h inclu ealth insura ded a provisio nce is n to 43.4% 50 $50, % 000–$99,999 40.8% lower postpone Again, t in h20 e maki 20 130 than th 5 ng tou findin g ey g may h fi wer nancial a ealso have in 1975 nd/or l (Fi beg ie fure e n style due to 3). Th decisio a sm e m 37.a n all sampl 7% le a s. ge grou e siz ps of in e. dividuals ages 65 or over showed trends th Labor-force Participation Rates of the Population Ages minute Internet survey. The nationa 42.2% l or ba 42.2% se sample was drawn from I 40.2%psos’s onlin 37.2% e panel of Internet users who have 40% a Female 41.6% Institute, 1100 13 2 St. NW, Suit a e 878, Washington, DC 20005-4051, at $300 per year or is included as part of a membership 1 EBRI stands alone in employee benefits research as an independent, nonprofit, and nonpartisan Traditional 13 12 13 10 39.5% 9 7 9 9 11 28.5 percent of workers were ages 45 or older, compared with 39.8 percent in 2004. By 2012, this number had grown to 39.2% allow increasin individu gly sc Tradit aarce, ls with ionaland tho certain hi se who gh 34 -de have ducti it 38 ble are healt likely h 36pl fin an ds to contri ing t 36hat th but eir s 38e to a hare o he 37 f th alth s e co avings acco st is increasi 37 36 37. un 4% n t (HSA g 37. . Conse 1%38 37. ).2% HRAs and quently, Age 35% a 3 36.3% 36.5% 38.7% 40% 35.6% 38.5% that were flat to increasi b ng (ages 65–69 having the only significant increase). However, the overall trend among each subscription. Periodicals postage rate paid in Washington, DC, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address agreed to part Tradit icipate in ional research surveys. 51 51 Two thous 50 and adu 52 lts ages 50 21 -64 35.7% w 50ho had h 50ealth insur 50 ance t52 hrough an HDHP b 37.9% organization. It analyzes a 13 nd 13reports 10resea 37.7% rch 12 data without 11 spin o 1033.6%r unde 10 rlying 9agenda. 9 All findings, 38.2% 38.2% 55 and Older, 2013, p. 9 32.8% 37.5% 35.1% 35.1% 35.1% 35.1% Conclusio HDHP n 37.9% th 37.4% 37.7% 37.7% 44.7 percent. 40% 31. 37.7% 6% b 36 35 38 40 43* 47* 37 36 38 34.7% 34.7% 37.3% However, more work HSA-eligible fina ers plncial co are f ans are today inding it c ncerns 37.0%necessary to r are collectively not the o referred nly inc emain entives in t to as co he work invol nsumer-driven forc ved her e so e.they can Th healt ere h also is conti plans nue to an incr (CDHPs). accum eased desire amon ulate addition g al many changes to: 35% EBRI Notes, 1100 13 St. NW, Suite 878, Washington, DC 30.3% 20005-4051. Copyright 2014 by Employee Benefit HDHP 36.7% 36.6% 35% CDHP 29.4% 47 51 49 50 25–54 52 36.3% 54 53 52 56 male age group a cges 65 and olde 36.1%9r has 36.1% be7e*6 n upwar*5 d since 1*993, with 36.8 1% each a5g36.2% e sub-group a 6*6 bove*6 its 19*75 level. 35.9%28.5% 35.9% 36.0% 35.8% 35.9% 28.4% 33.9% employer or wheth purchased di er on fi 35.8% rec nan tly from a cial data, carr option ier were dra s, or trends, wn rand are reve omly aling from the and Ip reli sos able samp — the re le for this b ason ase sample. This EBRI information is 33.6% 35.4% 27.5% Income Differences CDHP 35.6% 33 43 41 40 45* 54* 33 36 35 c 35.4% Research Institute. All rights reserved, Vol. 35, no. 30% 26.1% 35.2% 26. 4. 1% 26.0% 35.1% While it is very difficult to generalize the differences in 25. characteristics 4% amon 34.9%g CDHP enrollees, HDHP enrollees, and retireme 2 nt sav CDHP ings, to forest 32.8% all w 24. ithdr 6% awin 25.g 0% funds from savings, and/or so they can keep or gain access to Americans to Owork lon bese ger, particularly 43 24.4% am 50 ong those wit 43* h more 46 educat 48ion, for56* whom more m 56* eanin 56*gful jobs ar 53 e 32.4% 23.8% 24.2% See Paul Fron the stin and Nevin gold standard Adams, “Employment-Based Re for private analysts and detiree Health Benefits: Trends cision make 34.1% rs, governmen in Access and t policymakeCoverage, 1997- rs, the media, and 23.2% s ample was $100, stratifie 000–$149, d by a 999 gender, age, region, income, and race. The response rate was 22.37.2 perc 5% ent (32 percent for 55–64 22.0% 30% 31.4% 21.9% 30% 21.1% 33.2% Initially, projections for Traditional grow 31. th o 4% 36 f CDHPs 30 were strong. 27 In real 26 ity, gro 31wth has 29bee 20.7%n sl29 ow, but stea 28 dy. By 2 27 013, 23 per- CDHP enrollees have been more likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be in higher-income households in most years M 30a %rried individuals with traditional 19.2% a coverage, a few differences stand out. 30. 9% In contrast, availabl employment e that fe -based h can b male la e e bor- per alth for for in med c surance. e pa wel rticip l into atio older n rates ages for th . Thoe rec se ages ent 55 econ –5omic do 9 and 18.8% 6wntur 0–64 in n di creased d not alt sharpl er the y from trend o 197 f o 5– lder 2013, 30.7% the publi b c. 17.9% 18.0% 2010,” EBRI Issue Brief, Traditional no. 377 (Employee Benefit Rese 14 14 14 arch Institute, October 2012). 14 17 15 17 20 19 a 17.0% 30.3% A T 30.3% A 17. 30.G L A N C 3% 3% 17.2% E 20% 30.1% 30.1% 23.6% the base sample or HDHP national sample, a 16. 33 0% nd 4 284 percent 30 for the oversam 29 28ple). As a 27 non-pr 28obability sample, tra 27 All 28 23.d 5% itional 30% 24.8% 15.5% 30.0% 22.8% Traditional 60 74 78 15.4% 67 78 76 75 76 61 14.9% 14.9% 14.8% 21.9% 22.1% of the survey. cent of employ 21. In fact, ers with 6%b 24.2% the C 10 ?499 DHP worke populatio rs and n was 39 pe more rcent lik 29. of em ely 4% than 65 ployers + trad iti with onal-plan 500 or enro m 21.5% ore work llees toers offered either be in households a wi n th 30.6% 30.7% 23.8% 23.9% c 23.7% 20.0% The Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) was founded in 1978. Its mission is to despite workers in some the HDHP l labor evelin forc g off e; r in ather, it 2010–201 appe 3 (Fi ars that th gure 4). The is r 1 emaine 975 rate d th for e t fe rend, males ag as more 19. 23. 8% 3% es 5 opport 5–59 was uniti 23. 47. e1% s for ol 9 perce der nt, workers 25% b 19.0% 22.9% 11 5* 14 19* 16 19* 17 16 16 CDHP 26* 30 25 23 23* 18.6% 22* 25 22.7% 22* 21* 3 20% 2 29.6% 17.7% survey margi HDHP n of error estimates do 17.4% 61 not a 55* pply. How 64*ever, 21. had t 9% 62* he surv 64*ey used a 68 probability sam 21.9% 67* 70* ple, the margi 63 n of 21.8% 16.9% 17.1% c 16.3%21.4% 16. 21. 6% 5% 16.3% 21.5% Male In most years See Ruth Helman et al. “Th of the survey, e 2014 Retirement Confidence both the C 15.8%DH 16.P 0% and HD 21. H 2% P populations Survey: Confid wer 21.3%ence Rebounds e less likely to— be for Those with Retirement young (ages 21 -34) than Moreover, th HRA- or HSA-eligi e 2014 ble Retir plan. em Overall, 26.1 ent Con contribute to fidenc million individuals e Surv , to encourag ey (RCS 15.) fo 6%e, an wit und to enhanc 21. d that h0% priva a te insura growi e the developmen ng nce, r perce eprese ntage t of sound empl n of ting 1 work 5 percent ers exopect yee ben of to r the e fit etire $150,000 or more in income in every year except 2006, 2009 and 2010 (Figure 2). CDHP enrollees were also more CDHP c 13 28.5% 7* 20* 25* 24* 14 23* 24* 24* Smokes Cigarettes 28.3% compare exist thatd 10 corr wit % h 6 espond 7.2 perc to th ent ei in r incre 2013. ased educational The older fema attai le an gment. e sub-grou ps also trended upward, though not as sharply as EBRI explores the breadth of employee benefits and related issues. Characteristics of the Population With CDHP 27.8% 27.8% Consumer-Driven and High-Deductible 26.1% 59 61* 70* 71 70* 67 78 78 18.5%70* 18.7% 17.9% Who we are a 11.3% 11.3% error for the national sample woul 27.1%programs and so d have been ±2.2 perc und public policy ent. through objective research and 17.2% educati 17.4% on. EBRI is the only 25% 10. 16. 4% 8% 10.4% 10.4% Plans,” EBRI Issue Brief, 20% 10. 26.8% Tr1% aditional no. 397 (Employee Benefit Research Institute, March 2014). 10.3% the population $150, with 000 or m traore ditional covera 23 ge. C 24DHP en24 rollees had hi 20 ghe18 r incomes than 15 tr15 aditional14 -plan Fem a enrolle le 16 es in most at later likely tha market, w ages both because o ne tra re d either itional 9. in 4%-plan a CD eHP or a nfrollees to the reasons n HSA be -eligi in house described abo ble plan holds (Fronstin, vwith e an$1 d/or 00,0 20 be 13 0c0 ). ause of –$1 49, an 9. 999 4% inc in i reased ncome sinc desire e to continu 2007 (201e to 0 is a n 25% 8.8% 15.1% 8.2% 8.1% 8.3% EBRI studies the world of health and retirement ben 7.7%efits — issues such as 401(k)s, IRAs, retirement the 55–64 age g H 10 a % s ch 13. ild 7% roup ren b s. 7.5% 7.3% 7.3% 14.0% 1987 19 a88 1990 1991 197. 93 0% 19 6.7% 95 1997 7.1% 1999 6.9% 2000 2002 2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 Health Plans, 2005–2013, 13.0% by Paul Fronstin, Ph.D., EBRI 12. 9% 12.5% private, nonprofit, nonpartisan, Washington, DC-based organization committed exclusively to HDHP 12.1% 24. 12.6% 2% 3 Traditional 11.7% 14* 18* 11.8%14* 11.8% 15* 13* 12 11* 11* 12* a 11.7779 1% 11.2% 10 10 12 16 13 10.8% 10.9% years of th 0% e survey, and CDHP and HDHP enrollees have consistently reported higher education levels than work. 4 As a result, the American labor force as a whole is un 23. d 9% ergoing a significant period of aging that appears likely In fact, exception the ). Si in Tincom radit nce crease in ional 200 e c ade 7, tra th qe uacy, d perce itional-plan co ntage nsu of m e er-drive nthose 5 rollees h n 5 or b ave enefits, olbeen der in t Y Socia mor earhe e l labo l iSecurity, kelr force y than incr tax treatment of both retireme CDHP eas eed nrollees to with the be higher in house incidh e nt olds nce and health of with 34 42 47 42 44 40 43 43 34 The labor-force participation b rate is a meas public poli ure of those in cy research and a particular group working or actively pursui education on economic security and employ ng work, which is ee benefit issues. CDHP 1975 1977 1980 1983 14* 1984 1985 14* 1986 1989 15* 1990 199313* 1996 199713* 2000 20039* 2005 2008 9* 2009 2011* 10 2011 2014 12 2013 The sample was divided into 23.1% three groups: those with a consumer-driven health plan (CDHP), those with a high- 23.0% HDHP b 22.9% 22.8% 22.9% 22.8% 4 3* 9 9* 8 7* 14* 16 15 This article examines the population with a CDHP and how it differs from the population with traditional health 22.4% HDHP 33 35* 37* 37 39* 40 39* 38* 36 traditional-pla benefits, n enrollees. cost manage 22.2%ment, worker and employer attitudes, policy reform proposals, and pension assets more hi to continu incomes less t ghly e. e d hucate an $30, d peo 000. ple in this a EBRI’s member 22. g0% e group. 22.1% ship includes a This was seen cross-section of particularly wit pension funds; businesses; trade associations h the sharply increased share of those ; ? The po 0%pulatio No Regul c n of ar Ex ad ercults wit ise hin consumer-driven (CDHPs), high-deductible (HDHP) and traditional health plans different from the share of those actually working who fall into a specific category. No High School Diploma High School Diploma Year 20%CDHP c 9* 4* 11* 15* 10 11 24* 20* 22* deductible 20hea % lth plan (HDHP), and those with traditional health coverage. Individuals were assigned to the CDHP or a Labor-Force Participation Rates: 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 19 March Supplement to the CPS 89 1990 1993 1996 1997 2000 2003 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 CDHP 40 44 45 46 49 47* 47 51* 44* coverage. Dat and a from t funding. he 20 There is wi 05–2007 E de BRI spread /Commonw recogeal nition th Fund that if employee be Consumerism inn Hea efits lth Care Su data exist, EBRI kno rvey and the 2008– ws it. T 19 radi 87 tional 1988 1990 1991 24 labor un 1993 ions; h 19 25 95 19 ealth 97 25 car 1999 e prov 2025 00 iders and insur 2002 21 2003 ers; 2004government org 23 2006 20 24 07 20 anizations; 08 20 2010 and service firms. 2011 20 2012 1975 1977 1980 1983 1984 1985Som 19e 86 Coll 19 eg 89 e 1990 1993 1996 1997 20B 00 achel 20or 03's Degr 2005ee2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 55 or older in the labor force with bachelor’s and/or graduate degrees that occurred from 1987 through 2003 was split about 50–50 between men and women in 2013. Source: EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey, 2005–2007; EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer b 75+ 65+ 5 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 HDHP group if they had a deductible of at least $1,000 for individual coverage or $2,000 for family coverage. To be Ages 21–34 HDHP 15* 25 20* 21Year 19 19 21 18 18 CDHP e See U.S. Dep nrolleea srtment of Lab have consistently re or, Bureau of Labor Statistics, porte Grd adu bett ate/Pr er h ofesse iona alth l De stat “Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey— gree us than traditional-plan enrollees, exhibiting better health This artic 201 3 EBRI/Gr le exe amines th enwald & Associates Consu e most recent U.S.m Census er Engagem Bureau da ent in t a on Hea la lth bor-force pa Care Survey rtic (CEHCS) ar ipation amon e us g Americans ed for the a ages 55 nalysis. In genera This sectio l, th n eere h xamines ave labor been- fe force w i part ncome icipdi ation rates fferences usi betn wg t een h Year e Mar HDHP c e h n Suppleme rollees and tr nt toaditional the CPS- in plan or der to enrolle show es. Ho gr wever, eater Engagement in Health Care Survey, 2008–2013. a (19.4 percent in 19c87 to 32.2 percent in 2003), after which more gradual increases resulted, reaching 36.7 percent in Tradit CDHP ional a Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau 27 16* of 33 19* Labor Statistics, 17* 34"Labor Force 17* 33 Statistics from 13* 28 the Current Population 20 31 Surv 20 ey 27 —Civilian Labor 15*24Force 16* 26 assigned to the CDHP Source: U.S. Depart group ment of , they m Labor, Bureau us of Labor t als Sto at have h istics, "Labor Forc ade S a tat n istaccount, suc ics from the Current Popul h as a ation Survey--Ci heavlith lian Labor Forc savings account (HSA e Participation Rate," ) or health ? The CDHP Source: U po .S. pulation Department of was m Labor, Bureau ore like of Labor Statistics, ly than traditio "Labor Force nal-pla Statistics n enro from the C llees urrent Population to be in Surv househol ey--Civilian Labor ds wit Force Participation h $150,000 or more Civilian Labor Force Particip EBRI delive Traditionalr = s a stead health plation Rates,” available at an wiy th no deducti stream of invaluable research and anal EBRI’s work advances knowledge and unders ble or <$1,000 (i http://www.b ndividual), <$2,000 (fam ls.gov/d ilya ).ta/home.htm tanding of emplo ysis. See also Craig Copeland, “Labor yee benefits and their behavior than traditional-plan enrollees with respect to smoking and (except for 2010 and 2011), exercise, and and o detail in 2 Differenc 01 abo lder 3, HDH e in u s be t 2 demographic tr P 013, tween enro b incl llees the udi we po ngpulations ends. an a re less l nalysis of The ikely t with civil traditiona h i the an, no an tra tren d ninstitu itiona ds fo l cove ll-tiona lpla orag wing ne and e liz th n ed po rolle e eco hie gh pulation s to be n -deducti omic rec in is anal hou ble ession that health plan syzed, eholds alon starte with g (HDHP) enroll wi ind th the comes less t in lat portio e 20ees are 07 h n - an of early h Participation R tS tpourc ://www. e: Employ bls.goate," v/ee data B /h enef hto tp m:ie /t/ .Res www. htmearc bls h I .g ns ov ti/td uta e ta es /h tio m m ate es .h ftrm om 1988-2013 March Current Population Survey. Source: EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey, 2005–2007; EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates from 1988-2013 March Current Population Survey. 2012 (FigurHDHP e 8). In Rate," http://www. contrast, bls.gov/datthe perc a/home.htm entage with no high school diploma decreased sharply during those years, from b 18* 24* 21* 20* 25 21* 18* 17* 20* importance to the nation’s economy among policymakers, the news media, and the public. It reimbursem HDHP ent arran = high-deductible health plan w gement (HRA), with ith deductible $1,000+ a rollover provi (individual), $2,000+ (fam sion that they could ily), no account. use to pay for medical expenses or the EBRI publications include in-depth coverage of key issues and trends; summaries of research Force Participa in income Entgion Rates of the Population Age in agc e eve ment ir ny ye Health ar Car eex Su cep rvey t 20 , 2008–2013. 06, 2055 and Olde 09 and 2010 r, 2011: After the Economic Downturn,” . They were also more likely to be in h EBRI ous Notes eholds, n wo ith . 2 sometimes obesity rates. HDHP enrollees have also been consistently less likely than those with traditional coverage 200 also exami 8 and the ned slow recovery . Differences d thereaft iscussed in er. th The la e remai bor-force nder opartic f this ip article ation r ar ate measur e statistically s es the f igniraction ficant. (Mo of individu re information als within a this po $30,00pulatio 0 and more n thatlike is em ly to be in househol ployed, looking for a jo ds with $ b, or o 30,0n 00– a layoff $49,99 (m 9 ien aning the househol e d ninc tire la ome. bor force). Since these rates CDHP 20* 24* 20* 23* 28 20* 19* 20 25 c 26.7 percenta in 1987 to 11.0 percent in 2003, before continuing to fall to 7.2 percent in 2012. CDHP = consumer-driven health plan w does this b ith deductible $1 y conducting ,000+ (individual), $2,000+ and publishing policy re (family), wsear ith account. ch, analysis, and special reports on Traditional = health plan with no deductible or <$1,000 (individual), <$2,000 (family). What we do findings and policy developments; timely factsheets on hot topics; regula 4 r updates on legislative and ability to take their account with them should they change jobs. Individuals with only a flexible spending account (Employee Ben $100,000– efit Research I $149,999 in i nnco stitute, February me in most ye 2012): 2–8 ars. , for an earlier analysis of these data. to report that Ages b 35–44 they smoke, but no recent differences were found in exercise rates, and differences have never been specific are for about t March he gro dat up a2012 (in can this case be (the most foun t dh in ose 5 rece the a nt availa 5 or ppe older) ndble ix.) data who are from w othis source rking or activ ), te hly pursuin ey are diffg ere wo nrk. t from the annual numbers HDHP = high-deductible healthemplo plan wity hee benef deductible $1, its issues; holding educational br 000+ (individual), $2,000+ (family), no ac iefings for EBRI memb count. ers, congressional and * Difference between HDHP/CDHP and traditional is statistically significant at p = 0.05 or better. a regulatory developments; comprehensive reference resources on benefit programs and workforce (FSA) were no Tc radit t inclu ionalded in the CDHP group. 26 23 22 23 23 23 24 24 23 6 found in rates CDHP = of obesity. Ho consumer-drivwever, en healfederal agen th pl it anca witnn h dedu ot be cy cti s ble $1, t d aff, and th etermi 000+ (inned die news vidu from t al), $2, media; 000+ he (f am s and sponsoring public opinion survey urvey wh ily), with accou ethe nt. r plan design had a s on emplo n impacty on ee This i presente ncrease d in t ih ne the previous se labor-forction. How ce participatio ever, the n rate same tr of thosends e 55 or ou older tlined has led to in the first sec a discussion of tion also are whether present h older ere (Figure The U.S. Census Bureau con b ducts the CPS for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by interviewing about 57,000 households and ? CDHP enrollees were roughly twice as likely as individuals with traditional coverage to have college or post- Education Differences issues; and major surveys of public attitudes. HDHP 25 25 24 24 24 27* 22 24 23 * Difference between HDHP/CDHP and traditional is statistically significant at p = 0.05 or better. The first section uses annualized data on benefit issues. labor-force EBRI’s Ed partuc icip ation and Re ation fromse the arc Curre h Fund nt P (EBRI-ERF) performs opulation Survey (C the char PS), avail itable a, ble health status, smoking, exercise, or obesity rates, or whether those attributes influenced plan choice. workers, pa 5): The overa rtilcularly those l parti c cipatio n with rate reac higher he educational d a low poi attai nt in 1 nme 992, nt, ar and th e dis en p increase lacing or pr d te hr vo enting youn ugh 2010, le ger work veling of ers fro f in 2m 011 asking numerous questions a EBRI bout individuals’ work status, meetings present and explore isemployers, income, and basic sues with thought leaders from all se demographic characteristics. ctors. graduate educations in nearly all years of the survey. Demographic Di CDHP fferences in the CDHP, HDHP, and Traditional-Plan Populations 31 32* 31 30 28 36* 30* 27 25 Because the base sample (national sam educationa ple) i l, and nclu scientif ded onl ic func y 180 i tions of the Instit ndividuals in a ute. EBRI CDHP and -ERF 39 is a tax-ex 7 individuals empt organizatio with an n CDHP enrollees were roughly twice as likely as individuals with traditional coverage to have college or post-graduate Figure 4 Figure 2 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics website. However, t Figure 8 hes Figure 6 e data provide only an overall picture, with few specific Figure 10 obtainin with an ig ncrea employment. D se agai EBRI n i regula n u 20 ring 12. rlyperio The provides male ds of economic co rate fol ngrels owe sion gro dal w somewhat t th, a testimony n increa h , e an se in t same U-sha d briefs p he num op licy ber o e tren make f d both o exc rs, e mem pt lder a for a ber nd youn slight organizations, ger decline Therefore, the Ages 45–54 CPS provides detailed information about workers from a broad sample of Americans, making it possible to supported by contributions and grants. Figure 5 HDHP, an oversample o 5 f individuals Annual with Civ a CDHP or HDH ilian Labor-Force Participation Rate P was added. The oversample in of cluded 1,062 individuals with educations in Gend er— nearly a Gene ll ye rally, re ars of th A gardle nnu e surve al ss of pla Civyilian (Figu n ty Labor-Force Participation Rate rpe, the e 3). In po 2013, pulat 2 ion of 3 percent o adults w f CDH ith pr Pof enroll ivate hea ees lth insura had gradn uate ce has be degrees en Civilian Labor-Force Participation Rate for Americans a Educational Status of Civilian American demogra ? CDHP phic en details rollees h . In or ave con der to siste exami ntly rn ee poadditio rted be ntte al demograph r health status than tra ic trends of the ditional-plan U.S. population, enrollees, the secon exhibiting bett d section er Distribution of Civilian American Workers and the media on employer benefits. Figure 3 Traditional 29 26 27 26 28 27 27 29 26 workers coul in 2011 prece d dresult, but ing an incre wit ash e in flat20 gro 12. Fir w In m th S icontrast, the n ize, by T the num ype of Health P ber tren of work d amon ers, it i lg f an, 2005–2013 emales s not clear was es wh sentially ether older wo upward across th rkers are e entire establish a consistent, annual, and timely trend across numerous worker characteristics and the characteristics of their References America America n Females ns Ages Ag 55 and es 55 and Older Older , by ,A by ge, A1975–2013 ge, 1975-2013 b 6 a CDHP. split 50– In 50 be addition tween to bein men an g stratified, th d wom Ages 55 Workers en, and or e base sample ind Ov Agee er es , d, thro by 55 or Ov Race/Ethnicit u was also ghout er, 20 March wei 05–2 y g, March hted by 013, 1987–2012 abo ge 1987–2012 ut 5 nde 0 perc r, age, ent o educati f trad oitional n, region, -plan and 50 percent had college degrees, compared with 12 percent and 25 percent, respectively, of traditional enrollees. healthHDHP behavior than traditional-plan Ages 25 or enrollees Over, with by respect to smokin Age, March 1987–2012 g and (except for 2010 and 2011), uses data fro m the March EBRI issu2 es 013 pre Su 2005 34ss ppl rele eme 2006 as 29 ne t to the C s on ne 2007 30wsworthy PS. 2008 29 developm 2009 27 ents, 2010 28and i 2011 s 33* among 2012 the mo 30 2013 st 30* widely quoted Education, by Type of Health Plan, 2005–2013 prevent time period. employers. ing yo unger workers from o EBRI Issue B btaining em riefs ployment are period , or icals providing exp if the total num eber o rt evaluati f wo ons of emplo rkers would yee benefit issues and have been even 47.8% 70% c income, a 80 n% d race/ethnicity to reflect the actual proportions in the population ages 21–64 with private health insurance HDHP e enrollees were male and a nrolle 60% CDHP es were also m boo ure like t 50 percen ly than t traditio were fem nal- ale pla (Figure n enrollees 1). No to statistically significant have college or graduate diff d ere egrees. nces have been 48%Self-E sou mploy rces ed Wo ith No Empl n em34 ployee oyeesbe 28nefits by all media. 30 28 27 27 30 30 30 Fronstin, Paul. "Findings From the 2013 EBRI/Greenwald & Associates Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey." exercise, and sometimes obesity rates. trends, as well as critical analyses of employee benefit policies and proposals. EBRI Notes is a 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 a lower Our witho 90%ut the extended participation of older workers. 4 7 68.4% 68.4% Traditional 2% 4% 3% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 5% 67.7% 67.7% Ages 55–64 coverage. found betw There was Th a ee n HDHP small decline in the labo e CDHP EBRI oversa enro direct llees an s mple membe was d tra r-force participation for those ages 70–74 rwei s diti ao nd gnal hte other constit d plan by gen enro dllees. er, age, uenHow cie is n e com to ver the informatio ,e statistically si , and rac in 2013. e/et However, the n hnicity. Mor gnif they need an icant differ e i 2013 level was n 67. e d formation nces i 3% unde 46. 67. 5% 2% n rtakes gen ca still d n be er new monthly periodical providing current information on a variety of employee benefit topics. EBRI Issue Brief no.393 (Employee Be Wh nefit Rese ite Blar acch Institute, Decemb k Hispanic Ot er h 2013). er High school graduat b e or les 57.9% s Race/Ethnicity—Labor-force partici 57.6% pation is higher than it was in the mi 65.6% ddle 1990s across each race/ethnicity a 57.5% 65.5% 57.1% 57.2% HDHP 9* 9* 9* 7* 56.8% 7* 57.0% 5* 9* 9* 6 Overall Annual Labor-Force Participation Rates Traditional a 17 18 18 19 21 19 22 24 24 70% 45.8% 56.1% research on an ongoing basis. 55.9% 73.3% 60% EBRIef is a weekly roundup of EBRI research and insights, as 73.1% 73.1% well as updates on survey 55.6% 72.8% s, above the 201 found in FroT nstin radit 1 level. ional (20 c 13). 55.4% 55.4% 55.4% 72.5% 72.4% have publications been 46 fo % und between C 55.1% DHP e 32% nrollees and those 38% 42% with trad 33%itional 35% coverage 38% in several yea 34% rs. For 30% exam 33% ple, in 2007 Labor-force Participation Rates of the Population Ages 55 and Older, 2013, by Craig CDHP b 54.5% 71.3% 71.4% 84.2%8* 5 6* 7* 61.55355 4% Regar group e dless, t xamin w ed 53.9% o results (Figu 83.8% re are 6). clear Whit from e Amer th 84.2% ica e data. ns and those 84.1% 83.9% in the60. “ot 7% her” category have had higher rates of labor-force Health-Status Diffe 80% 83.5% rences HDHP 83.1% 24 22 25* 26* 25 24 27* 30* 45. 27 0% b 82.8% 59.8% 69.4% CHECK OUT EBRI’S WEB SITE! studies, litigation, legislation and regulati 68.9%on affecting employee benefit plans, while EBRI’s EBRI maintains and analyzes the most 68. comp 5% rehensive database of 401(k)-type programs in the The Bureau o 50% f Labor Statistics provides annualized numbers for the civilian, noninstitutionalized population and the Taylor, Hump HDHP hrey. "Does Internet Rese 14* arch ‘ 17* Work’? Comp 14* aring Onl 13* ine Sur 14* vey R10* esults With 12*Teleph11* on 44.7% e Surve 14* ys." c 67.0% 67.2% 80.5% and 2008, CDHP enrol 2–49 Employlees ees were more likely than 66.6% those with traditional coverage to be male, and between 2010 and 8 Copeland, Ph.D., EBRI 57.1% 79.3% CDHP participation in 65. the most rec 1% ent years. H 15 i16 spanic America 19 ns’ rate was 19 16* just belo 78.7%16 w that of white Ameri 2244.1% 50.7% 22 cans, with 21* Black Any changes that result from the Pati c 64.6%a Blog ent P supplements our regular pub 64.5%rotection and Affordable Care lications, offering commentary Act of 2010 (federal health ca on questions received from 50.3%re legislation 50.4% 64.2% 64.2% 49.9% 50.0% With the exception o world. f 20 Its co 07, the 63. mputer 8% survey ha simuls never ation 55.analy 3%founs d edif s on So ferences i cial n Secu self-re rity porte reform d health and retireme status betw nt income a een HDHd Pequa cy 60% 77.1% 43.8% CDHP Traditional 15 6* 19 11* 54.8% 19 11* 16 10* 158* 16 10* 16 76.4% 7* 17 8* 16 8* Whil labor e force pane fro l Inm ternet surv the CPS, eys are which isnonran conduc do ted m, studies by the U.S hav . Census e demonstrated that Bureau. These such nu 48.7% mbers ar surveys, when c e used to c areful alculat ly design e the ed, International Journal of Market Research 42, no. 1 (August 2003). 75.4% 44% First, the la 2012, CD50 HP %bor enrollees -force part wer icipation rates e more likely th of an those with younger work trad ers incre itional ased cov e when rage that to be of fe older male. T workers here w 74.6% decli ere no ned statisti or cally White, non-His b panic 70% news reporters, policymakers, and others. EBRI’s Fundamentals of Employee Ben 44.3%73.8% efit 43.7% enacted in Mar Americans hav ? The laborc HDHP ing t -h 2010) that forch e part e lowicipat est labor has yet to go in ion rate -forcfor t e participatio to effect or full effect could change th hose ages n rat 55 an e. In d 2012, older rose thr the part o45. ughout icipat 43. 8% is d 0% y ion n the a mic, such as t rates i 1990s ncreased for andh into e availability the 2 white an 000 of s, d are unique. No Hig 31* h School 51. Di 3% pl 32* oma 27* 26* 25* 45.3% 26 27* 23* 24* Some college, trade or business school 43.0% enrollees and individuals a with traditional 50.3% coverage. In contrast, in eight out of nine years of the survey (2009 was the obtain results comparable with random-digit-dial telephone surveys. (Taylor, 2003), for example, provides the results percentage of this population that is in the labor force. 42. 8% 43.8% Traditional c Age 42.5% a 48.8%71Programs 71offers a straigh 71 tforward, basic explan 72 70 a 70 tion of emplo 69 yee ben 71efit progr 43. 68 7% ams in the signific EBRI’s website is easy to use and packe ant differences by 48.5% plan type in 2013. d with useful information! Look for 42.3% 55.1% 55.2% 55.2% remained low CDHP durin 48. g0% the late 1970s to the early 1990s, but as t 42.h 2%e labor-force participation rates of younger 55.0% workers 47.9% 39* 32* 28* 25* 21* 23 20 17 54.5% 16 Traditional 54.1% more affordable health insur Hispanic Am ericans, but decl ance options for people this age. ined for 31 the bl 29 ack and “ot 42.0% 29 her” rac 31 e/ethnici 31 ty categori 28 es. 30 29 31 when 50 it % began b to level off but with a small increase following the 2007–2008 economic downturn. 42.9% exception 40 ), it % was found that CDHP enrollees were more likely than 40. tra 2% ditional-plan enrollees to report excellent or High School Diploma/Some College 42.4% HDHP 94*private and 83* public 78* sectors. Th 77 39. e 5%EBRI Datab 72 ook on Emplo 51. 72 6% 74* yee Benef 74 its is a st 76* atistical from a number of surveys that were conducted at the same time using the 51.0% same questionnaires both via telephone 50–199 Empl b oyees 41.4% 42.8% 42% 25–54 60% 38.2% 42.4% began to decline in the late 1990s, the rates for the older workers continuously increased (Figure 9). Consequently, it Endnotes HDHP 36 36* 30 28 26 26 29 27 29 40% c 37.0% EBRI make these special features: 48.2%s information freel a y available to all. 9 The percenta CDHP ge of civilian, noninstitutional 93* reference work o 81i 35. zed America 5% n emplo 75 y nee ben s near 76 e or at fit pr47. ogr 72 reti 2%ams and rement work force-related issues. 78 age (a 79* ge 55 or ol 77*der) in76* the labor very good heaT lth radi c(Fi ti46. onal g 6% ure 4). Furthermore, i 810n six o 35.5%1 f t1he nine years12 46.6% of t1181 he survey (2006, 2381 007, 2008, 202 11, 2012, and and o See news articles such as Matt Sedensky, “Are Older Wo nline. He found that th 45.9% e use Bachelor of 's/Grdemo aduate De graph gree ic weigrkers Taking Job ht45. ing 8% alone wass From Young? USA Today. Ja sufficient to bring almost allnuary 4, 20 of the results 14 ? For those Marital Stat ages 55– us and C 64, the hildren upwar —In 2006–2009 a d trend was driven nd 2011–201 almost exclusive 2, HDHP ly enrollees by the incr 40.6% wer eas e l ee d ss likely to labor-force be marri participatio ed n CDHP 33.8% 44.8% 45.0% 44.5% 28 33.4% 33* 44.5% 24 22* 24* 41.1% 25 21* 22* 19* 33.2% b 33.2% 33.2% 40.4% appears eit Educational hEBRI er that ol assume 32. Le 8%der vel— wo s The la rkers fill a publi 43. bor 8% ced the void service re -force partspo icipation rates left by nsi bility younger to of make work those ages 55 and ol er its finding s’ lower s partici completely pder sho ation, or acce w that ed rel 36.9% ssi 41. higher 7% atively ble at older- www.ebri.org small 40% 43.3% 36.7% 36.8% 36.7% 1 HDHP 55–64 Minority 9 14 14 13 15* 13* 36.0%13 14* 15 39.8% 201 force See (Fronstin, 2013) for more 3), decl CDHP ined enrolle from 34. es w 7 e per re less like cent i information about HRAs and n 1l9 y to r 75 to e 29. port 4 bei perce ng in nt in fa HSAs. ir or 1993. poor How health, altho ever, since th ugh en th the actu e overa al differences ll labor-force wer e (http://www.usatoday.com/story/money c /business/2014/01/04/will-surge-of-older-workers-take-jobs-from-young/4305187/) from the onl than those wit • EBRI’s entire lib College graduat ine h survey c traditional a e or s lose to the repli c rary of research publicat o om verage. e graduat Simil e w es ork arly, in from the paral 2006–ions starts at the m 2007 a lel telephone s nd 2009, CDH urvey. He also foun a Pin W enrolleees were less b page. Click on d that in likely to some cases, EBRI be married of wom 50 40% %en, whereas the male participation rate was flat to declining. However, amon 40.6% g those ages 65 or older, 33.9% 40.6% — CDHP so that all decisions that relate to employee benefits, whether made in Congress 32.1% 32. or bo 1% 32. ard 2% rooms or worker changes from partici Tradit p198 ation ional 7–201 limite 2 a d cthe o ross each e8 pportunit du121 ies for cational-atta younge11 inr wo ment 31 rkers or group (Figure 21 discouraged th 721 ). Howem from e21 ver, the la partici1 bor-force patin9 g in pa th rtici e l pation abor 28 29 29 28 30 33.1% 30 31 31.5% 29 32 39. a 1% 39.1% 39.1% 40.3% 31.1% 27.6% 27.6% 30% Contact EBRI Publications, (202) 659-0670; fax publication 30.7% orders to 27.3% (202) 775-6312. 30% 39.6% 40.1% 27.0% 32.2% 26.6% 40.0% participation T r radit ate of ional this group has steadily increased, reachin 65+ g 40.5 percent in 226. 01 4% 2—the highest level over the small. b 24 22 20 24 23 22 24 26 25 and Alicia Munnell and April Yanyua 2 n Wu, “Are Aging Baby Boomers Squeezing Young W 39.8% orkers out of Jobs? Brief no. 12-18 propensity w Issue Briefs 200–499 Empl eig 26.7% hting (mea and oyees ni EBRI Notes ng the propen for our in-depth and sity for a certain type of nonpartisan periodicals. person to 28.be o 3% nline) reduce d the remaining gaps, than those wit the rate families’ in hc traditional reaseho d f m or b e c s, ooverage. are th ma based le However, in s an on the highe d female 2013, s ovst er tha CDHP enrollees were more li qualit t py, erimost depe od. ndable informatio kely than tradi n. EBRI’s Web tional plan site posts HDHP 27.4% See www.mercer.com/press-releases/1565095 6* 17* 22* 24 27 28 25* 26 24* 30% Subscriptions to EBRI Issue Briefs are included 23. as part of 7% EBRI membership, or as part of a force. rates of those with b a higher level of education showed an upward trend from 1993 that flattened out in the most a 22.7% HDHP c 34 35* 40* 28.7% 42* 24. 42* 5% 45* 42* 42* 38* Orders/ Traditional 9898 37.7% 10 8998 1975–2013 period—b 37.3% efore decreasing to 40.3 percent 37.7%in 2013 (Figure 1). (Center for Retirement Research at 40% 23.4% Boston College, October 2012) (http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/IB_12- CDHP all research finding 23.0% 7* s, public19 ations, an 25 d news 24 alerts. EBRI also exte 28 22 nds 21* its educ21* ation and pu 25* blic service but i enrollees to n oth38 er c %be marri ases it did not ed. reduce the remaining gaps. Perhaps 22.5%the most striking difference in demographics found 22.1% c 22.6% $199 annual subscription to 21.EB 9% RI Notes and EBRI Issue Briefs. Change of Address: EBRI, b 21.1% 21.0% 21.0% 26.5% 19.5% 3 recent years, including declines for those with 20.8%graduate and prof 37.3%essional degrees in 2010–2012, and for those with CDHP HDHP 20.3% • Visit EBRI’s blog, or subscribe to the EBRI 37. 19. 5% 8% 46* 6 41* 8 41* 7 ef 7 44* e-lette 7* 46* r. 844* 848* 1046* 9 50* CDHP e ? This u nrolle pwa es exhi rd trend bit mor 36.2% in labor e healt -foh-consci rce particip ous be ation by havior t oldhan er win odivi rkers is likely duals with relate traditio 37.9% d to nal covera workers’ curr ge. In all ent years o need for f the See www.globalopinionpanels.com/home 19.2% 17.6% 19.5% 20% 35.9% 17.2% 38.0% 19.2% Source: E role B to improving Ameri RI/Commonwealth Fund C 18.4%c onsum ans’ eri finan s 24.7% m in 17. cial H 0% ealth C knowle are Sudge rvey, 2005–2007; E through its a BRI/Greenw ward-al win d & A ning ssocip ates C ubli 18.onsum c 8% service er campaign 18-508.pdf) for further discuss c ion and analysis of this topic. 1100 13th St. NW, Suite 878, Washington, 37.2% DC, 20005-4051, (202) 659-0670; fax number, 18.4% 24.0% 16.4% 16.1% 17.8% 18.0% between telephone and online surveys was the under-representation of minorities in online samples. Second, the 20% percentage of older workers increased stea 36.dily 7% from 1997 to 2012, while the percentage of you 15.8%nger CDHP 37.5% 15.1% 5* 10 8 7 7* 7 9 10 15.4% 8 Subscriptions 14.7% 16.3% 15.0% Graduat 14.5%e degree 14.5% ® 36.0% 14.3% 14.7% 14.6% college degr 20%ees in 2011–2012. The rates for those with lower levels of education sho 14.3% wed a flat-to-slight upward trend Engagement in22.1% Health Care Survey, 2008–2013. The labor continue -forcd a e part cceicipat ss to employment-based h ion 21.9% rate 13. for m 5% en ages e55 alth and o insuranc lder follo e and we fo 37. d t r5% more h 14. e same 6% yea patt rs ofe ea rn throu rnings to gh 2 accu 010, mulate savin falling fromg s survey except 2013, CDHP enrollees (202) 775-6312 were less likely th ; e-mail: an thos subscriptions@ebr e with traditional i.org covera Membe ge to rship Information: report that they smoked. Inquiries 30%ChoosetoSave and the companion site www.chooset 13.5% osave.o 12.rg 8% 4 13. 35. 3% 6% a HDHP enrollees were less likely than traditional-plan enrollees to be parents in 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2012. In a 500 or Mor 12.4% e Employees 12.5% 12.6% 18.7% 10 • EBRI’s reliable health and retirem 36% 35.4% ent surveys are just a click away through the topic boxes at 18.5% In theory, a Tradit random sample ional 11.9% of 2,000 yields a statistical precision of plus or minus 2.2 percentage points (with 95 percent 11.2% 17.9% workers declined during this 11. perio 4%1d31 (Figure1 11. 10 2%). I 11.n 3% 9 1997, workers a 121 ges 11 25–54 accoun 01 ted 21 for 17.4% 83.961 percent2 of all Traditional = health plan with no deducti 19.5% 10.7% ble or <$1,000 (indi 10. v9% idual), <$2,000 (family). 17.2% See Helman, 19.4% et al, (2014, Endnote 3), which found from 36.9% 35.3% 10.3% the 36.4%2014 Retirement Confidence Surve 16.8% y that the percentage of over that period, with some a increases in 2010–2012. Overall, as 36. worke 3% 10.0% rs’ educational attainment increased, their regarding EBRI membership and/or contributions to EBRI-ERF should be directed 14.9% to EBRI 34.9% 18.4% 14.4% 49.4 Similarly, p in def ercent in a ined contribution (401(k) iln 1 lT years except radi 975 tional to 37.7 p 2010 a ercent n -d 2011, CDH type) in 1993 plans and b 36. efore 6%P enroll 36. inc /1% or to reasing ee 8. pay 8% s were less 8. dow to 4 9% n 6.de 4 p likely to bt. M ercent 15. any 1% in report Americans also want to 2010. that t In 20 hey 11, 14. did 0% the me not regularly n’s rat work longer, e b 35.8% 54 45 17.8% 43 50 48 52 49 13.6% 13.8% 54 46 b 8.2% 13.3% contrast, CDHP enro 13. 7.6% 7% llees were more likely to be 7.9% pare 7.nts 9% than traditional-pl 14.0%an enrollees in 2010, 2012 and 2013. 10%HDHP 7.5% 7.5% 7.4% 7.6% 10% 13.0% 16 6.9% 12 17* 17* 12. 18* 9% 18* 17* 18 19* confidence) of what the result the top of the page. HDHP = high-deductible health plan w 12.5% s would be ithif the entire population ages 21– deductible $1,000+ (i 16.4% ndividual), $2,000+ (fam 64 with ily), no account. private health insurance coverage was 19.2% workers ages 25 orb older, while those ages 55–64 accoun 12. te 1% d for 12.2%12.0 percen 11. t, an 5% d those ages 6 18.6% 518.9% or older, 4.1 per- 11.7% President Dallas 11.8% 11. Salisbur 8% y at the above address, (202) 659-0670; e-mail: salisbury@ebri.org workers saying they planned to work fo r pay in retirement was 65 percent, 11.2% while just 27 percent of retiree respondents 17.8% HDHP 10.8% 10.9% 10.6% labor-force participation c rate also incr 33* ease 29* d. For e36 xample, in 38* 2012,37* 60.7 percent 41* 17.3% of in 37* dividuals w 40* ith a gra 38* duate or 20% slightly decr EBRI is sup especial c ea ly thos sed/flattened out ported b e with mor y o e e to 46.3 rganizations from all industries and sectors that appreciate the value of ducation 35.0% percent, but it 34. 9% for whom more meaningful jobs increased again in 2012 to 16.3% are av 46. ailable t 8 percent hat can befo be re slippin performed into g to exercise. In five years of the survey (2005, 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2 9.15.9% 4% 013), CDHP enrollees were le 7.5% ss likely to have CDHP 14.1% 7.3% 7.3% 7.4% CDHP = consum c er-driven health plan w 20* ith deductible $1, 15 8.4% 8.6%24* 000+ (individual), $2,000 8.6% 24*8.6% 21* + (family), w 21* ith account. 24* 23* 23* 8.2% 8.1% 8.1% 34. 8. 7% 1% 14.7% 7.6% 7.8% 7.9% surveyed with 34% complete accur 34.6% acy. There ar 34.6% 7.4%e also other poss 34.6% ible sources of error in 5.8% 6. all surveys that ma 4% y be more serious CDHP 36* 7.3% 31* 40 42 48 5.3% 49 49 53 55* cent. By 2012, those ages 55–64 represented 19.2 percent, and those 4.8% 65 or older 7.0 percent, while the percentage reported that they had worked for pay in ret 10% 12.7% irement. See Gary 12.7% Burtless, “Can Educational Attainment Explain the Rise in 5.7% 12.1% 12.0% 4.7% 5.3% 5.4% 5.6% professional degree 5.were in 2% 11.8% the labor force, compared 11.7% with 23.9 percent of th 4.ose wi 5% 5.2%thout a 5.3% high school diploma. 4.8% 11.4% 11.5% 4.3% 4.3% 4.3% 5.0% unbiased, reliable information on emplo • Need a number? Check out the Source: E 34.0% BRI/Commonweal 4.7% th Fund Consumeri EBR sm in H I Databook on Employee Benefits. ealth C yee b are Suenefits. rvey, 2005–2007; E 3.6% Vis 4.1% it Bwww.e RI/Greenw b al ri.o d & A rg ssoci /about/join/ ates Consum for more. er 46.5 been p ob older ages. ercent ese. Age— i n 2 In most 013. Whil years, CDHP e the most re 3.9% en4. rollees 0% cent leve werls are e less likely th not above 11.0% 2.an 9% the those 1975 with leve tra l, th ditional ey are c covera learly ge to still hi be gh betw er th een t an the he * Differe 3. n0% ce b 2. e7% tween HDHP/CDHP and tradition 2.a 6% l is statistica 2.lly 8% sig 3.1% nificant at p = 0.05 or better. Editorial Bo 0% Sou ard: rce Dallas L : EBRI/Com . Salisbur monw 2. eal 7% y th , publisher Fu 2. n2% d Con2. s;4% u Stephen Blakely merism in Heal 2.7%th Car , editor e Surv.ey Any , 2005–2007; views expr EBRI es/sed in this p G 10.3% reenwald & As ublicat sociat ion and th es Consum ose o er f the authors should 2.5% 33.7% 9.9% than theoretical calculations of sampling error. These include refusals to be interviewed and other forms of nonresponse, the 0% 33.5% of workers 25 or older represented by those ages 25–54 had fallen to 73.8 percent. Again, these concurrent trends Labor Force Participati Engagement in H on at Older Ages?” ealth Care Survey, 2008–2013. Brief no. 13-13 (Center for Retirement Rese 8.6% arch at Boston College, Septembe 7.0% r 1975 1977 1980 1983 1985 1986 1989 1990 1993 1996 1997 2000 2003 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 6.5%2012 2013 10%Engagement in Heal 32.1% th Care Survey, 2008–2013. 6.1% not be ascribed to the officers, trustees, members, or other sponsors of the Employee Benefit Research 5.8% 7.9% Institute, the EBRI Education and 1975 1977 1980 1983 1985 1986 1989 1990 1993 1996 1997 2000 2003 2005 5.6% 2008 2009 2010 7.7%20117.7% 2012 2013 low ages of point 2 in 1 a1 n993. d 34 On t , and mor he other h e likela y tha nd, the n th labor- e popu force lation pa with tr rticipation aditio rate na 4.8% l covera of 5.1% women ge to in be a this ag ges e 35 group –44 in was essential 2006, 2010, an ly d 4.4% 4.5% 4.8% 7.2% a 4.3% 4.4% 4.4% 4.3% 4.2% 4.1% a 9 effects of ques • Instan 32 T % radition wording a titly ge onal = heal t e-m th plan w a nil noti d question ith no deducti ?cations of the latest EB order, and scree ble or <$1,000 (indivin dual ing. While attempts are ), <$2,000 (fam RI data, ily). surveys, publications, and m made to minimize these factors, it is eetings ? Younger Trwork aditional ers’ la = healtbor-forc h plan with ne part o deducticipat ible or