In 1986, nea_ly 18 percent o£ the civilian population under age 65 _rom Medicaid, in both single-parent and two-parent familiesin poverty or reported no health insurance coverage from any source. I These people near-poverty, people were more likely to be uninsured (46.3 percent and 39.8 totaled 37 million in number. The proportion of the population reporting no percent, respectively) if the family included a full-year worker. EBRI health insurance in 1986 was approximately the same as that without health ! i insurance in 1984 and 1985, but substantially greater than the percentage that The rate of noncoverage among poor or near-poor families without children reported no health insurance in the early 1980s. In 1982, less than 16 is especially high. In 1986, 45 percent of poor or near-poor married people percent Nonelderly of the nonelderly Populationcivili withanSelected population Sources wereofuninsu Healthred. Insurance by without children had no insurance from any source; where at least one family Nonelderly Population with Selected Sources of Health Insurance by Family Percent Type, of Nonelderly Family Head's Population Employment with Selected Status and Sources Family Poverty Status, 1988 Nonelderly Population with Selected Sources of Health Insurance by member was s full-year worker, one-half had no insurance. Among poor or Nonelderly Population by Selected Sources of Health Family Type, Family Head's Employment Status and Family Poverty Status, 1986 of Health Insurance by Region and State, 1986 Family Type, Family Head°s Employment (Continued) Status and Family Poverty Status, 1986 near-poor single adults without children, nearly 52 percent were uninsured; Percent of Nonelderly Population with Selected Sources Nonelderly Population by Selected Sources of Health Who are the uninsured? Insurance (Continued) and Own Work Status, 1986 among those who were full-year workers, 57 percent were uninsured. of Health Insurance by Region and State, 1986 Insurance and Family Income, 1986 No Health FamilyTypeand InsuredPopulation:Private& Public No Health FamilyType and InsuredPopulation:Private& Public No Health (Continued) Total Total Other Total Insurance FamilyType and insuredPopulation:Private& Public No Health Employment InStatus 1986, more than one-half Total of the Employer uninsured -provided (51 percent, Pubi or c18.9 million Insurance EmploymentStatus Total Employer-provided Pubrc Insurance Workers Age 18-64 Without Health Insurance EmploymentStatus Total InsuredPopulation: Employer-provided Private& Public Public Insu Noran Hec ae lth Region pe by ople) State were Total workers. Private Another Employer one-thlrd Private (31 Public percent, Medicaid or 11.4 Coverage million people) of FamilyHead Total Total Private Total Direct Indirect Total Medicaid Coverage of FamilyHead Total Total Private Total Direct Indirect Total Medicaid Coverage Noncoverage Nonelderly within Population states: urban Without andHealth rural Insurance areas by Workers Age 18-64 Without Health Insurance No Health by Personal Earnings, 1986 InsuredPopulation: Private& Public No Health of Family OwnW Head ork Total Total Tot Prial vate Total Employ Direct er-provided Indirect Total Pubr0c Medicaid Coverage Insurance were chil(in dren thousands) under age 18.(Percent Only within 18 p family ercent typeof /employment the uninsured group) (6.7 million Family Income as a Percent Of Poverty, 1986 by Own Work Status, 1986 Total Total Other Total Insurance (Percent within coverage group) T Fo atmily al. 208,023 73.5% Total 65.4% Employer-p 11.5% rovided 12.0% 8.2% Pul_' 17.8% c Insurance Status people) wer Total e nonwo Total rking ad Privat ults. e Total Dire (inm ctillions) Indirect Total Medicaid Coverage Rates of noncoverage across the country differ significantly among the Region Nonelderly by'State Population Total Privat Without e Employer Health Insurance Private Publi by Employment c Medicaid Coveraqe Income Total Total Private Total Total DirectPopulation Indirect Total Medicaid Coverage states, largely as a consequence of differences in employer coverage and Status of Family Head, 1986 5.2 Total 100.0% 82.2% 73.5% Total 65.4% (inmi Population llions) 33.8% 31.7% 12.0% 8.2% 17.8% Total Population New EnglandMore than 10,916 95 perc 80.7 ent of72.th 7e unin 10.9 sured p 9o .1pulation 5.4 were e12 ith .2er themselves 1.3 Medicaid eligibility. In 14 states 2 and the District of Columbia, more T-65 than EastSouthCentral 12,973 66.7 59.1 11.8 13.9 9.1 22.7 million Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.(1% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Total Child Present 208.0 171.0 152.9 136 (in .1millions) 70.2 65.9 24.9 17.0 37.0 Maineworkers or lived 953in familie 76.8 s 66 of .6 worke 1r 2s.4 . For 11.0 about one-half a of 15.2the uninsured, 3.6 mi 20 percent of the nonelderly population were uninsured in 1986. In 11.9 Kentucky 3,139 68.5 60.4 10.8 14.3 9.7 21.0 Child T Child otPrese al Present nt 208.0 171.0 152.9 136.1 70.2 65.9 24.9 17.0 37.0 Spous either ePresth ent e4.6uninsured 100.0 87.5 individual 83.3 or78.1their26.8 family 51.3head was 7.0 a 4.3 full-time, 12.5 New Hampshi mirlli e 883 84.4 78.0 11.3 a a 11.5 Mississippi, Texas and New Mexico, more than one-quarter of the nonelderly million Tennessee 4,010 68.0 60.6 11.7 15.5 9.5 20.6 Total 208.0 191.0 152.9 136.1 70.2 65.9 24.9 17.0 37.0 Spouse Vermont Spouse Present Present 47.6 461 99.1 50.7 77.9 86.6 54.0 70 82.5 .6 56.8 77.4 a 37.9 26.6a 77.50.8 1 a 27.9 6.914.8 25.04.2 33.5 12.4 Full-yearworker million 100.0 88.2 85.5 80.6 27.7 52.9 5.4 2.9 11.8 full-year worker (that is, a worker who worked or sought work at least 35 10.8 population were uninsured. Alabama 3,575 66.5 60.0 10.2 12.0 8.2 24.0 • 0-99% Family Head FullFull -year -year wor worker ker 45.6 94.8 48.9 83.6 53.0 81.0 56.1 76.4 37.4 26.3 76.50 1. :1 20.65.1 16.42.8 30.3 11.2 Massachusetts Part-yearworker 5,085 100.0 80.5 70.4 72.53 5 ,9 10.4 38.0 10 13.0 .1 2 "_7 ..,0 .9" 25.2 11.9 18,9 29,6 weeks in 1986 and worked at least 35 hours in a typlc_l week) and reported no Uninsured in the mi United llion States: Mississippi 2,249 62.4 53.2 15.6 13.5 4.1 26.9 Under Work $5,000 ers 73.6 15.2 62.5 8.7 60.0 2.5 55.0 1.0 1752 .0.6 7 .8 0.4 2.1" : Family 6.8 4Head .7 is: 6.4 2.4 6.2 11.1 • Part Nonworker -yearworker 100.0 2.5 74 1.8 .1 1.3 11.9 . 0.9 a 0.3 a _.6 a • 0.6 64.9 54.7 0.5 25.9 0.7 Rhode Part-year Islaworker nd 1,82 2 4 1 85 .0.0 0.9 76.9 0.7 11A 0.510.1 0.9" " a 2.5 8.4 2.8 2.0 unemployment during the year. In 1986, nearly half of the uninsured [] 100-124% In general,Thethe Nonelderly rural population Population inWithout the United Health Sta Insurance tes is less likely to $5 Nonworker ,000-$9,999 17 0.9 .1 11.4 0.8 5.0 0.1 3.2 a 2.1 a 1.1a 46.5 .7 55.8 .8 1.3 6.3 Other Family 3.5 million Nonworker 1.8 1.3 02 . a a a 1.2 1.0 0.5 Connecti No Spous cut e Present2,710 100.0 80.2 69.9 72.7 39.2 "- 12.9 32.2 10.7 16.7 15.5 6.7 34.012.7 31.9 30.1 population (47.8 percent, or 18 million people) lived in families of such have health insurance than the urban population. In 1986, 17.4 percent of the • Full-year,full-time worker • less than $10,000 West South Central 23,290 66.5 59.4 11.1 11.4 [] 6.6 Full-year,full-time 25.2 workers Poor and Near Poor Nonelderly Population Without Health Insurance $10,000-$14,999 Workers 48.4 18.5 40.6 16.3 39.5 10.1 "37.9 6.1 4.8 17.4 3.1 18.7 3.1 2.3 2.2 0.9 6.2 7.8 No Spouse million Present 31.0 21.7 12.1 10.0 5.2 4.8 10.5 9.9 9.3 No Spouse Present 14.9 12.7 7.9 7.3 7.4 7.3 42.4 [] 58.3 125-149% 25.2 Full-yearworker 100.0 67.0 55.8 49.0 25.6 23.4 14.6 12.4 33.0 workers: full-time, full-year and steadily employed. Another 22 percent of urban population (people residing in Census-designated metropolitan Arkansas 2,007 65.3 57.4 • 12.3 14.7 8.2 24.3 by Family Status, 1986 $15,000-$19,999 Nonworkers 86.1 18.3 68.0 17.3 53 13.0 .4 11.0 45.1 6.1a 4.9 45.1 1.7 17.9 1.0 13.7 4.3 18.1 Full-yearworker 19.1 12.8 10.7 9.4 4.9 4.5 2.8 2.4 6.3 Full-yearworker 9.2 7.5 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.8 11.2 13.9 17.1 MiddlePart-year Atlantic worker 31,893 100.0 76.5 65.6 692 ,?. 7.2 10.5 15.3 11.5 7.1 []8.2 9.3 Full-year, 43.7 part-time 14.3 41.0 worker 34.4 the uninsured population (8.2 million people) lived in []fam$10 ilie ,000-$19 s of,999 full-year statistical areas or their suburbs) were uninsured, compared to 19.1 percent submitted by [] Full-year,part-time workers Louisiana 3,920 65.0 57.0 13.3 15.3 10.6 23.1 Children 9.2 58.1 46.7 38.9 35.9 a 35.9 9.4 [] 150-199% 8.2 11.4 $20,000-$29,999 37.8 36.9 31.0 27.6 14.0 13.6 2.5 0.9 5.6 13.3 _////////'///_ 18. Part-yearworker 3.9 2.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.7 1.6 1.3 Part-No year nw wo ork rk er er 1.100.0 9 1.579.0 0.7 5.0 0.4 a 0.4 a 0.5 a 6.875.9 9.474.5 3.621.0 NewYork 15,286 72.3 65.6 10.1 13.1 11.2 16.7 workers who reported one or more weeks of unemployment during the year. About of the rural population. _nong the rural population, agricultural workers and Oklahoma 2,793 69.6 60.5 12.6 11.9 5.5 22.8 Others 86.1 21.3 14.5 9.2 a 9.2 8.5 5.5 6.7 $30,000-$39,999 34.2 33.8 30.4 28.0 13.6 14.4 1.6 0.4 3.3 Nonworker 3,8 3.7 0.3 a a a[] Sometime 24.3 unemployed 35.0 4.5 Nonworker 8.0 6.3 0.4 a a a 6.1 5.9 1.7 New Jersey 6,682 80.7 72.7 10.9 8.8 [] Part-year 6.8 workers 12.4 18 percent million of the uninsured population (6.5 million people) li[]ved200-399% in families members of their families report especially high rates of noncoverage: nearly Texas 14,569 66.5 60.1 10.1 9.8 5.5 26.3 worker $40,000 or More 66.9 66.6 61.1 57.4 29.0 28.4 2.5 0.3 5.1 No Child Present Pennsylvania 9,925 80.2 72.4 10.7 10.9 8.3 11.9 where the family head was either a part-year worker (for example, a seasonal Deborah J. Chollet, Ph.D. 32 percent of agricultural workers and their families were uninsured in 1986. NoNo Child Child Present Present (percentwithinworker categories) [] 400%+ Sw pouse orkerPres ) or enta par 100 t-t.i 0me 86.7 worker. 83.2 Twelve 70.9 percent 48.0 lived 22 in .9nonworke 8.r 5 famili 1.7es. 13.3 Senior Research Associate Among the agricultural population in poverty, nearly []49 Part-year percentworker were uninsured. 3.8 4.8 Mountain 11,354 73.6 63.3 13.0 9.6 2.7 19.7 (percents within income groups) Spouse Present 20.3 21.4 23.0 22,0 28.9 3.4 14.7 14.4 4.3 15.2 Spouse million Present 42.3 36.6 35.1 30.0 20.3 9.7 3.6 0.7 5.6 East No Full-y rthCe ent arwork ral er 36,378 100.0 76.8 88.0 69.4 86.0 10.7 78.2 12 53.1 .3 25.1 9.5 6.1 14.1 0.9 12.0 8.2 Montana 715 million 73.5 57.0 21.5 12.4 million a 18.8 Total 100.0% 82.2% 73.5% 65.4% 33.8% 31.7% 12.0% 8.2% 17.8% Full-yea Full-year rworker worker 17.9 37.2 19.1 32.7 20.9 32.0 21.29 4 .1 28 million .1 19.8 14.29.3 9.12.3 2.00.3 12.14.5 Ohio Part-yearworker 9,356 100.0 76.5 78.4 69.5 72.4 10.0 47.7 11.1 28.6 19.1 9.0 13.3 15.1 a 21.6 million [] Nonworker Idaho 863 72.5 60.7 15.3 a a 22.7 Total 100.0% 91.8% 73.5% 65.4% 33.8% 31.7% 12.0% 8.2% 17.8% Nonworker 100,0 77.0 56,7 a a a 32.3 10.4 23.0 Part Part -year -year wowo rker rker 0.91.8 0.81.4 0.81.3 0.60.8 0.70.5 0.50.3 0.90.2 a a 1.00.4 Indiana Economic and family 4,654 stat 78.0us of70the .0 uninsured 11.6 7.4 3.9 17.9 Noncoverage among workers Wyoming 441 74.6 64.1 a a a 17.6 No Fami nwly orker Head 1.6 1.5 1.2 a a a 4.3 2.0 2.1 Nonworker 3.3 2.5 1.9 a a a 1.1 0.3 0.8 Illinois No Spo3.7 use Present 10,0 100.0 93 75.7 42.9 67.8 64.7 10.6 52.8 13.2 51.0 10 1.8 .3 10.7 14.7 5.9 27.1 million million • $20,000+ without 4.5 million 2.9 million familieswith Colorado 2,769 74.1 64.2 13.5 13.9 7.2 16.3 Under Work $5,000 ers 100100.0 .0 8457 .9 .5 81.6 16.4 74 6.6 .7 74.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 45.0 6.3 42.5 3.3 40 15 .9.1 No Spouse Present 35.7 26.0 23.1 18.8 18.2 0.6 3.8 2.1 9.7 No Spouse Present 17.2 15.2 15.1 13.8 25.9 1.0 15.4 12.4 26.1 Michigan 8,133 76.2 69.3 10.6 16.1 12.7 11.9 Full-yeThe arworkuenrinsur 100.0 ed popu7l6.0 ation 72.3 live pr 63.0 edominant 60.9 ly, bu 2.1 t not ex 5.8 clusively 2.5 , in l24.0 ow children children Employer plans are the predominant source of health insurance among New Mexico 1,249 66.3 53.6 15.2 11.4 a 26.1 $5,000-$9,999 100.0 66.4 29.0 18.9 12.3 6.7 38.0 33.6 36.9 Other Family Full-yearworker 28.9 21.9 20.9 18.2 17.6 0.6 1.7 0.7 6.9 Wisco Full-yand n es airn wo midd rkerle-inc 1om 4 3,1 .e 943 3.0f12.8 am 81.3 ilies. 13.7 73.1 About13on .11.5 4e-ha25.0 lf 11of .3 the 0.9 u8.5 ninsu6r.ed 7 1po 0.p 74u.2 lation 18 (5 .80.5 Part-y Sour families ce e: arwo Employ rk Q er ee 100 Benefit .0 Re57.0 search Institute 46.7 tabulations 25.6 of24.3 the March 1987 a Current 12.9 Population 7.7 Survey 43. . 0 workers and their families. In 1986, nearly three-quarters of all workers Arizona Source: Employ2 ee ,895 Benefit73.5 Research 63 Ins.3 titutetab 13 ula .6tionsof t 7.6 he March 1987 a Curren22 t Popula .5 tion Survey. $10,000-$14,999 100.0 88.0 54.3 42.9 26.1 16.9 17.0 12.0 33.4 Workers Source: Emp 100.0 loyee Benefit 83.9Research 81.8Institute 74.6 tabulations 36.of 0 the Marc 38.6 h 1987 Cur4.7 rent Popul1.8 ation Survey. 16.1 Part No-nw year orke worrker 100.0 2.5 61. 1.47 1.2 24.1 0.6 a 0.6 a a a 0.3 42.4 0.2 27.6 1.1 38.3 Part-yearworker 1.2million0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 a 1.3 1.1 2.9 percent) reported family income of less than $15,000 in 1986; more than 1.0 Testimony submitted to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee, (74.7 percent, or 88.1 million workers) were covered by an employer health Utah 1,546 76.4 69.9 9.0 10.0 6.8 16.4 $15,000-$19,999 Nonworkers 100.0 100.0 7894 .9 .7 62.0 70.9 5 52 9..9 4 33.2 a 26.7 52.4 9.5 20.6 515.9 .3 23 21 .3.1 Nonworker 2.1 1.6 0.7 a a a 7,4 7.0 4.5 Nonworker 4.3 2.7 1.0 a a a 1.8 1.2 1.7 WestNorthCentral 15,209 78.5 65.8 16.2 10.2 7.7 13.9 three-quarters (77.2 percent) reported family income of less than $30,000. million 5.5 Nevada insurance plan. Subcom878 mitHo teewever, 77.7on 15.4 Heal 70.3th, percen 11.3 ptursuof antw10.8 orkto ers the repor a Stubed committee ha 17.6 ving no health $20,000-$29,999 Children 100.0 100.0 80.4 97.5 66 82 .9 .0 73 61..0 8 36.9 a 3661.8 .1 6.7 16.3 214 .5.2 14 19.6 .9 million Minnesot Soua rce: Employe3,670 e BenefitR 79.9 ePoor searchand in 65 stit .9ut Ne ear-Poor tab17 ula .3 tion Population sof 12 the .9March (0-125% 10 198 .87 Current of pov 10 Populat .6 erty)ion Survey. However, nearly 14 percent of the uninsured reported family income that insurance fHearin rom agny on sour the ce.Uninsured, July 25, 1988. $30,000-$39,999 Others 100.0 100.0 24.7 98.9 16 88.7 .8 81 10.7 .7 39.7 a 42.0 10.7 4.7 9.9 1.1 6.4 9.6 7.8 Total 100.0% 61.5% 26.7% 18.1% 7.8% 10.2% 38.3% 35.3% 38.5% Poor and Near-Poor Population (0-125% of Poverty) Iowa exceeded $40,000 2,532in 1890. 86. 4 64.8 19.6 11.1 9.3 11.6 Pacific 31,369 69.2 62.0 9.7 13.6 9.6 20.5 $40,000 or More 100.0 99.6 91.3 85.9 43.4 42.4 3.8 0.4 7.7 Total 39.6 Poor 24.3and Near 10.6-Poor 7.Population 1 3.1 (0-125% 4.0 of 15 pove .2 rty) 14.0 15.2 Child Present Missouri 4,391 75.8 67.0 10.7 10.7 7.8 16.3 Most uninsured workers in 1986 (59.9 percent) were full-year, full-time The views expressed here are solely those of the author. Washington 3,808 71.9 62.9 11.7 17.2 11.0 15.8 Total Child Present 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% (percent within source of coverage groups) NorthDakota 548 80.8 59.2 26.0 a a 15.9 About one-third of the uninsured population (32.1 percent, or 11.9 Spouse Present 100.0 62.2 40.2 32.0 9.0 23.0 26.3 23.8 37.8 [] Spouse Present, • Unrelated [] Spouse Present, • No Spouse workers; that They ish s,ould theynotworbe ked attor ribusoug ted ht towork the 3offi 5 wcee ers, ks ortrustees, more in 1986 and Oregon 2,401 73.0 65.5 9.1 9.7 7.0 19.9 Child Present (percents within source of coverage groups) SpousePresent 12.7 7.9 5.1 4.1 1.1 2.9 3.3 3.0 4.8 SouthDakota 595 77.9 58.6 23.2 a a 17.4 Full-y millio ear nwork peeorple) 10r 0.0 eported 60.2famil45.7 y inco37.7 me (adj10.5 usted 27.2 for famil 18.9 y size)17.be 0low the 39.8 No Child Present Individuals ChildPresent Present,_Child worked at least 35 hours in a typical week. Other uninsured workers were members, associates, contributors, or subscribers of the California 23,874 67.9 61.3 9.3 13.7 10.2 21.5 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Full-yearworker 10.3 6.2 4.7 3.9 1.1 2.8 1.9 1.8 4.1 SpousePresent 32.2 32.6 48.4 56.9 36.8 72.3 22.0 21.7 31.6 Nebr•aska Part-y federeaar l wop rkov erer1,383 ty100.0 standa 7761.4 .3 rd. 64 Ne .8 3a 0.rl 4y 17o 18.4 .ne-ha 3 lf 9.4a (48.912.3 6.2 percent37 ) .516.9 repor33.7 ted fami38.6 ly Present approximately Employevenly ee Benefi divided t Resear betw cheen Ins patritute, t-year its workers staff(inor cluding its seasonal Alaska 453 71.6 59.8 a a a 21.5 Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Part-yearworker 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 a 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 Nonworker 100.0 77.0 8.0 a a a 70.8 64.5 23.0 Kansas Full-year inco wo merker that wa 26.0 2,s 090less 25 80.1 .4than 415 4 68 .4 0.4per54 cent .2 16.3of 34the .8 9.0pov 69e .1rty 5.1standa 12.8 rd. 14.3 12,I 5n 198626 , .9the Education and Research Fund. workers) and part-time workers. HawaJl 833 80.6 70.4 18.5 12.5 a 12.9 FamilyHead Nonworker 1.5 1.1 0.1 a a a 1.0 0.9 0.3 Part-yearworker 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.6 a 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.5 No fede Sporus ale Pr poeve sent rty 100.0 standard 67.5for a 15.8 family 10.9 of four 5was .1 $11, 5.8 203. 55.5 53.9 32.5 So Under urce:$5,000 EmployeeBenefit 7.Research 3 4.6 Institut1 etabulations .6 0.7 of the0.9 March 1987 0.5Current27.4 Population 37.9 16.7 Workers 35.4 36.5 39.2 40.4 75.2 3.2 18.8 14.2 30.0 Nonworker 3.7 4.6 1.1 a a a 6.8 6.7 2.2 Source: No Spouse Empl Present oyee Benefit 17.0 Researc 11.5 h Institut2.7 etabulations 1.8of the 0 Ma .9rch 198 1.0 7 Current9.4 Population 9.2 Survey. 5.5 South Atla Full-y ntie carworker 34,639 100.0 73.8 53.7 65.29.8 6 11.7 24.9 11.2 11.7 13.3 6.1 29.5 18.5 27.4 46.3 In general, young workers are substantially less likely than older $5,000-$9,999 sun. 8.2 6.0 3.3 2.4 3.0 1.7 26.2 33.9 17.1 Other Family 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Full-yearworker 6.3 3.4 1.9 1.6 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.7 2.9 Delawa No Sporus e ePr In ese1 nt986,43.0 5m5or 3e 4than 7 76.1 .2 one-h 25.4 70al .0f 25.9 of the a 28u .1nins au24.2 red poapu62.2 lation 17.65.6 8 (58.7 per36.3 cent) Part-yearworker 100.0 64.8 17.0 9.1 4.4 4.7 53.3 51.1 35.2 workers to have insurance coverage, either from an employer plan or from any a--Valuestoo smallto be statistically reliable. $10,000-$14,999 Workers 23.28.9 23.7 8.5 25.6 9.6 25.8 6.5 24 6.9 .8 4.7 28.3 12.6 9.1 13.1 5.1 16.7 21.0 Full-y Pa No li de -year ar nw ved work orker wo i en r rkerfamil 16.0 ies 13.0 00.0w 14 ith .01.9 79.8 chi17 ldr .8en 0.5 3. ;9 22.1 one-q 0.3uaar 23.8 ter 0.1 l ai 20.7 ved 0.1ian 12.3 singl 1 77 .6e-p .8 ar 12.4 ent 1.5 76.8famil 19.2 ies 1.1 20.2 Man/land 3,972 78.9 72.2 10.0 8.8 5.3 15.5 other source. In 1986, 58 percent of workers age 21 to 24 were covered by an $15,000-$19,999 Nonworkers 41.48.8 39.8 9.1 34.8 9.5 33.1 8.1 8.7 a 768.5 .4 772.1 .0 5.7 80.8 11 4.9 5.0 DPart-y istri No ctnw oe far Col orker wo urk mb eria 7.6 526 7.7 8. 69.4 0 6.1 4.8 620.3 .5 3.8 a a 4.3 aa 3.5 a a 10.56.0 212 10.95.9 6.9 1.6 with children. Among the uninsured poor or near-poor population (with family employer plan; nearly one-quarter (24.4 percent) had no health insurance from Children 27.9 27.3 25.4 26.4 a 54.5 37.9 48.5 30.7 $20,000-$29,999 18.2 19.3 20.3 20.3 19.9 20.7 10.2 5.5 15.2 Nonworker 19.4 25.2 2.8 a a a 39.4 42.2 10.2 No Child Present income less than 125 percent of the poverty standard), two-thirds (67.8 Virginia 4,799 79.4 72.2 9.8 13.0 5.4 13.0 any source. By comparison, nearly 88 percent of workers age 45-54 had Others 41.4 12.4 9.5 6.8 a 14.0 34.2 32.2 18.2 $30,000-$39,999 16.5 17.7 19.9 20.5 19.4 21.8 6.5 2.3 8.9 No ChildPresent Spouse percent Pre ) seliv nt ed 100 in.0fami55 li.es 4 with 37.5child 13 ren .5; mor 8.5 e than5.0one-th21 ir.d3 (36. 13.0 3 percent) 44.6 WestVirginia 1,621 68.2 59.2 11.7 18.3 13.5 182. employer coverage, and only 10 percent reported having no health insurance. No Child Present Source: EmployeeBenefitResearchInstitutetabulationsof the March 1987 Current PopulationSurvey. $40,000 or More 32.2 34.9 39.9 42.2 41.3 43.1 10.1 1.5 13.9 SpousePresent 2.3 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 NorthC Full-ye larolin iveda arwork in ersing 5,364 l100.0 e-parent 74.5 50.0famil 66.6 ies 42.6 wi 1th 2 23.7 .0 child 14.4 9r .9 en. 9.3 Ab 5.5out on 8.8 e-qua 18.4rter a of th 50.0 e a--Numbertoo smallto be statistically reliable Source: EmployeeBenefitResearch_ Institutetabulationsof the March 1987 CurrentPopulationSurvey. Spous Full-year e Pres work ent er 5.91.1 5.4 0.5 8.3 0.5 4.4 0.3 6_ .0.2 4 2.9 0.1 3.30.1 2.2 a 6.9 0.5 SouthP C uani art-ye rolin nsua arred work(2 er62.,840 1100 pe.r 0cen 73.7 t) 53.8 were66s .4 5i 0.ngle 0 1a 1du .6l ats '14 with .3aout child 8.a 2 ren. 16 a .5 a 46.2 Men and women in the workforce are about equally likely to have health Full-y Part No e-ar nw year wo ork rk wo e errk r er 2.100.0 8 0.3 2.3 0 62.1 .2 4.4 0.1 31.2 3.6 a a 5.1 a a 2.5 a a 0.636.6 a a 21.9 a 3.6 0.1 37.9 Georgia 5,311 73.3 66.3 11.4 12.7 8.1 18.0 insurance from an employer plan, but women are more likely to qualify for Part-y Nonw ear orker worker 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.3 a a a a a a a 0.4 a 0.2 0.9 0.4 The rate of noncoverage among some family types in particular economic Florida No Spouse Present 9,653 100.0 70.1 48.5 59.3 25,3 14 12.2 .6 10 11 .4 .9 4.9 a 25.1 23.2 19.8 51.5 public insurance coverage -- in particular, Medicaid. As a result, women Nonworker 2.5 2.5 2.9 a a a 2.3 1.5 2.4 No Spouse Present 7.5 3.6 1.9 0.9 0.9 a 1.9 1.5 3.9 situations is especially high, even though these family types may not Full-yearworker 100.0 43.0 32.6 2! .4 20.8 a 11.8 9.5 57.0 workers are slightly less likely to be uninsured than their male No S Full po- us year e Pr work esent er 18.9 3.3 14.9 1.4 17.9 1.1 12.8 0.7 28.7 0.7 a a 12.4 0.4 10.6 0.3 25.3 1.9 Part-y represent earworkem rost 100.0 of the 48.1unins34.1 ured. 16.8 For example 16.6 , a among 16.2 people 12.1 living 51 in .9 counterparts. In 1986, 14.1 percent of women workers had no health insurance FuPart ll-year No-nw year work orker worker er 8.100.0 3 1.3 5.8 0.6 54.9 10.1 0.4 13.5 9.8 0.2 a 21.9 0.2 a a a a 2.6 043 .2.6 2.2 034. .2 4 12.3 0.7 45.1 single-parent families with children in 1986, nearly one-third (30.1 percent) from any source, compared to 16.5 percent of working men. Women in the Part-y Nonw ear owo rker rker 3.2 3.0 2.5 1.6 4.0 0.4 2.9 a 6.7 a a a 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 4.3 1.3 were uninsured, compared to less than 18 percent among the nonelderly workforce, however, are substantially more likely than men to obtain employer Nonworker 7.5 6.7 3.8 a a a 8.5 7.3 8.8 population as a whole. This high rate of noncoverage in part reflects the coverage only as a dependent, rather than as a benefit from their own Source: Employee BenefitResearchInstitutetabulationsof the March 1987 CurrentPopulationSurvey. predominantly low incomes of single-parent families. employer. In 1986, two-thirds of working men obtained employer coverage as a a-Numberstoo smallto bestatistically reliable. direct benefit of employment, while about one-half of working women (51.9 Among all low-income families, however, single-parent families are percent) obtained employer health coverage directly. somewhat more likely than two-parent families to be insured, principally because of better access to Medicaid. In 1986, 38 percent of poor and near Most uninsured workers earn relatively little on their jobs. In 1986, poor people in two-parent families with children were uninsured (compared to nearly three-quarters of uninsured workers (73.6 percent) earned less than 32.5 percent of those in single-parent families). Because of disqualification $10,000 that year; 34 percent earned less than the federal minimum wage. Nearly all (92.3 percent) earned less than $20,000. Among workers that earned IThe data presented here are not strictly comparable to those that EBRI less than $10,000 in 1986, 29 percent were uninsured. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE published in 1987. These data include agricultural workers and their 2121 K Street, NW / Suite 600 / Washington, DC 20037.2121 families, but exclude all people living in families of military personnel; the 2Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, Telephone 202.659.0670 FAX 202.775.6312 1987 publication excluded both groups. Louisiana, Mississippi, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas.