10 12 13 14 5 6 9 11 15 16 4 8 3 2 7 Figure 11 Figure 13 Figure 1 Figure 3 Figure 5 Figure 7 Figure 9 Distribution of Deductibles for Employee-Only PPO Coverage, 2000–2007 Average Co-Payment for Prescription Drugs, Among Workers Average Percentage of Premium Paid by Covered Workers Percentage of Employers With 500 or More Employees Percentage of Employers With 3–199 Employees Growth in Health Insurance Premiums, Percentage of Workers, Ages 18–64, References COBRA coverage is often unaffordable. COBR else’s em Endnotes • Em Employer cost-control efforts: ployer has been rem ployers have also been changing the stru arkably stable, Employers have also been considering what has happened with the cost A beneficiaries are re cture of health benefits in order to changing the structure quired to pay the Trends in Employment-Based Health Trends in Employment-Based Health Benefits for Workers and Retirees Benefits for Workers and Retirees Statement for the With Employment-Based Health Benefits, 1994–2006 for Employee-Only and Family Coverage, 1999–2007 With Three- or Four-Tier Co-Payments, 2000–2007 Offering Health Benefits, by Firm Size, 1999–2007 Worker Earnings and Overall Inflation, 1988-2007 Offering Health Insurance to Retirees, 1993–2006 7 of providing health benefits and the f control the cost of providing them Claxton, Gary, Jon Gabel, Isadora Gil, Jerem full premium and a 2 percent adm i. The m nist act th rative fee, on an after-tax basis. ove at fewer sm ym Pickreign, Heidi W ent to consum all empler-driven health benefits oyers offer coverage since hitm ore, Benjamin of health benefits in order to control the cost of providing health benefits. In 100% 50% 1 By Paul Fronstin, EBRI 50% See http://www.kff.org/insurance/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=13512 for 2000 (CDHBs)—high-deductible health . Between 1994 and 2000, the percentage of work Workers do not have a lot of plan choices Finder, Bianca DiJulio, and Sa plans com mantha bHawkins. “Health Benefits In 2006: ined with a tax-preferred savings or through the em ers with health benefits through an ployment-based system. 2007, 10 percent of employers offering health benefits were offering a high- 80 80% 46% 20% 97% 97%Senate Finance Committee 2 97% 74.9% 2000 100% 90% data, and Claxton, et al, (2006) for 2006 d 74.6% ata. $74 45% 86% 74.2% 95% 74.3% 73.5% 73.6% 94% 73.3% 73.3% 95% em spending account—is a case in point. Roughly one-half of workers with health insu ployer held steady at between 73 percent Premium Increases Moderate, Enrollm Employers first star and 75 percent (Figure 5). S rance are em ent In Consum 73.0% pl ted offering account-based oyed by a firm that offers er-Directed Health Plans ince 2000, the deductible health plan with either a health reimbursement arrangement or a health Recent Tren 45% ds in Employment-Based Health Benefits for Workers 72.1% 93% 92% 71.7% $71 71.4% 1988 1993 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 92% 2007 70.9% 41% 8 Highlights 80% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 70 18% 18.0% Early Retirees Medicare-Eligible Retirees 70% Health Insurance Premiums Workers Earnings Overall Inflation percentage of workers with 2 health plans in 2001, when a handful of e only one choice of health plan. Remains Modest.” Health Affa health benefits has fallen Of the roughly one-half of workers with health insurance irs Web Exclusive, Septem mployers began to offer health reim to about 71 percent. ber 26, 2006, bursement savings account. An estim 77% ated 7.5 million adults ages 21–64 with private health 80% Employment-based health benefits are 86% by far the most common source of health 40% 86% See Fronstin (2004) for more information about account-based health plans. 91% 91% 40% 38% 84% 83% 87% 87% 87% 71% who are employed by a firm arrangem Another way to exam http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/ insurance were either in an account-based ents (HRAs). In 2004, em 2000 2001 2002 that offers m ine whether employm 2003 ployers star 2004 oreprint/25/6/w476?ijk re than 2005 ted to offer health plans with health one choice of health plan, this does not plan or were in a high-deductible health e2006 nt-based health benefits are vanishing 2007 ey=gU80Qa01mo8pg&k 16% coverage in the United States. In 2006, 161.7 million individuals under age 65 had so $59 $59 me 69% 80% 40% 35% 60 67% 60% 70% 3 • Small employer coverage: Recently, there has been some erosion in the 35% necessarily translate into savings accounts (HSAs). By is to look at trends in the be 35% eytype=ref&site 80%id=hea a cnefits package. W hoice of those plans for those workers. W 2007, 10 percent of e lthaff. 64% hile workers mployers offering health benefits and their fam hen workers have a ilies continue to See wwplan that was eligible for an HSA, but had not opened the account. Som w.leapfroggroup.org. e 77% form of employment-based health coverage, representing 62.2 percen 32% t of that population 62% 70% 14% 14.0% 76% 13.9% 76% 35% 74% 74% availability of health insurance through smaller employers. In 2000, 68 percent of 73% 72% choice of health plans, it is typically betw were offering one or both of these options to have coverage, if the composition of that co 60% een an HMO and PPO from verage is eroding, we m workers, and an estim 29% ated 7.5 m ight be able to the samillion adults e insurance 29% employers are investing resources in an at Health Reform Summit 2008 tem 29% pt to bring more transparency to the (Fronstin, 2007). The num 50 ber and percentage of persons under age 65 with em 12.9% ployment- 30% 29% 4 50% 28% 28% 28% 30% 28% 12.2% employers with 3-199 employees offered health benefits. By 2005, only 59 27% 27% 27% See 12% http://h 12.0% ealthcaredisclosure.org/. 31% $43 $43 26% 26% 26% carrier or through the sam Em conclude that benef ages 21–64 with private health insurance were ei 60% ployee Benefit Research Institute. its are vanishing. e self-insured em Measuring and Funding Corporate Liabilities for ployer. ther in an account-based plan or were in health care system so that workers and their families can make informed health based health benefits has fallen from 167.5 m illion in 2000, representing 68.4 percent of 11.2% $40 10.9% 50% 25% percent offered it. Between 2005 and 2007, the percentage of these em $38 ployers 40 25% 10.3% 58% 28% 58% 5 a high-deductible health plan 10% Retire Finally, large em Workers are definitely paying m e Health Benefits 57% ployers have distinct that was eligible for an HSA, but had not opened the . Washington, ore for heal DC: Em advantages over sm th benefits today than they were in ployee Benef all employers when it it Research Institute, 40% care decis 56% ions. 55% the under age 65 population. Fewer people have June 16, 2008 this coverage for a num $35 ber of reasons. See http://www.hrpolicy.org/initiatives/pharma_1.asp. 52% 9.2% offering health benefits was stable. Em 20% 20% ployers with 3–9 workers experienced the $32 38% 40% 8.5% com 2000. Premium account (Fro es to health benefits. Large em 1987. nstin and Co s for employee-only covera llins, 2008). ployers ar ge increased from e usually able to offe $28 to $58 per m r health benefits for onth 36% 20% • Retiree health benefits: With respect to health benefits for retirees, res 48% earch has Public sources of health insurance picked Library of Congress, Washington, DC up some of the decline in em $29 8.2% ployment-based 20% 23% 8% $28 47% 30 45% 21% 33% 7.7% 40% 6 largest decline in offer rates, with the percentage offering coverage falling nearly 21% 30% 31% 16% 16% 16% 16% 16% $25 16% $25 less than it would cost sm between 2000 and 2007, a 107 percent increase, a Some employers are investing resources in all employers to offer the sam nd fa an attem m eily coverage premium benefits. Furtherm pt to bring more trans ore, large s increased parency See http://www.aqaalliance.org/ and http://www.hrpolicy.org/initiatives/hcqi.asp. 29% consistently found that fewer em $23 ployers are 3-9 Workers offering retiree health benefits than in health coverage, while the uninsured as a percentage of the under age 65 population 19% 30% $22 14% 14% 15% 6% steadily from 58 percent in $20 2001 to 45 percent in 2007. 15% 5.9% 23% em Fronstin, Paul. “Health Savings Accounts a from to the he ployers usually self-insure their health be $138 to $273 per month, a 98 percent increase alth care system so that wor $18 kers and th nd Other Account-Based Health Plans,” nefits, which m eir fa(Figure 6). In contrast, the consum milies c eaans those p n make inflo ans are exempt rmed health EBRI er 20 10-24 Workers 5.3% increased from the past 15.6 percent in 2000 to 17.9 percent in 2006. , and that when retiree health benefits are offered, retirees are 6.1% 11% $16 7 20% 20% $15 3.8% Wh • ile th Total cove e 2 percent ad rage rates ministrativ :e fee The percen on top oftag full prem e of workers re iums on an after-tax b porting that they have access asis may not be affordable 20% 4% 3.4% from price index (CPI) increased by 20 percen care decisions. For example, in 1998 a gr potentially co Issue Brief n stly state m o. 273, Emaployee Benefit Research Institu ndates. This compounds the com t between 2000 and 2007. W oup of large em 25-49 Workers ployers form te, Sep petitiv tem h ed The Leap Frog e d ile prem ber 2004. isadvan ium tage s 10% 10% Are em experiencing various combinations of ploym $11 $11 ent-based health benefits er rising prem oding? This question is driven by the iums, higher out-of-pocket 20% 14% $10 $10 $9 $9 for employees, research has shown that employers bear part of the burden of COBRA in that the 2 percent $8 $8 10 to health benefits through their job is largely unchanged from the mid-1990s and 50-199 Workers faced by small em have increased over four tim Group in an effort to im ployers. prove the qu es the rate of ality and inflatio affordability of the health care that they n, we cannot conclude that because expenses, and more stringent eligibility requirements. Most workers will never be rising cost of providing health benefits to workers. Between 2000 and 2007, the cost of 10% 10% 2% 2.3% fee does not come close to covering the cost of administration and adverse selection. 5% 5% 3 down only slightly from the late-1980s. In 2005, 74 percent of workers who were Fronstin, Paul. “Sources of Coverage and Charac workers are paying m purchase. In 2001, em ore that their health bene ployers formed what is 0.8% fits now known as the Consumer-Purchaser ter are at least as com istics of the Uninp sured: Analysis of rehensive as they eligible for health insurance in retirement through a former employer. providing health benefits doubled, while worker wages and overall inflation increased 0 0% 4 8 0% not self-employed reported that they were eligible for health benefits through their Submitted by: 0%0% Trends in Retir used to be. It is also nece Disclosur 0% 0% the March 2007 Current Population Survey,” e Projec Generic Drugs ee Hea t in ol rth Benefits dessary to loo r to re Preferred Drugs port health care p k at the services rovider qu Non-Preferred Drugs EBRI Issue Brief that are covered by the benefits ality measures no. 310, E .Fourth-Tier Today, the mployee See Exhibit 4.2 in http://www.kff.org/insurance/7527/upload/7527.pdf. only 25 and 21 percent, respectiv 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994ely (calculated from 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Figure 1). 2000 2001 2002 Wh 2003 ile the growth rate in 2004 2005 2006 2007 $1 - $499 $500+ 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 1999 2000 Employee-Only Coverage 2001 2002 2003 2004 Family Coverage 2005 2006 2007 own job, up slightly from 73.6 percent in 1995, but down from 77.8 percent in package and group is composed not only of em It can be argued that employers have not Benefit Research In the cost of obtain stitute, October 2007. ing th plose serv oyers but ices when needed. also consum only reached a tipping point with health er groups and organized labor. the cost of providing health benefits fell between 2003 and 2007 from 13.9 percent to 6.1 9 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. Paul Fronstin For a m1988. ore detailed treatment of trends in retiree health benefits see Fronstin, Salisbury, and VanDerhei Source: Mercer Human Resources Consulting, 2006. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. benefits for retirees, but that The HR Policy Association recen Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. Worker cost sharing fo they reached it in the m r health care s tly formed a co ervices alition to b has id-1990s been increasing and rin . Research has consistently g greater transparency to has been percent (Figure 1), grow Source: Kaiser Family Foundation.th in the cost of providing health benefits to workers continues to Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates based on data from the Current Population Survey, March Supplement. (2008). • Employmen Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) t-based coverage: The percentage of workers with coverage either Fronstin, Paul, and Sara Collins. “F outpacing overall inflation. Between 2000 and 2007, the percentage of workers in a PPO found that fewer em the way employers pu ployers are offering retiree he rchase pharmaceutical indings From the 2007 E benefits. The co alth benefits than in the past, and that BRI/Commonwealth Fu alition uses a nd run 50 percent higher than growth in worker earnings and is double the rate of overall from their own employer or from som T-152 eone else’s employer has been remarkably with a deductible of at least $500 increased fr when retiree health benefits are offered, reti comprehensive certification process to iden Consumerism in Health Survey” EBRI Issue Brief tify pharm rees are experiencing various com om 14 percent to 36 percent (Figure 7) and acy benefit m no. 315, E am nagers (PBMs) ployee Benefit binations of inflation. 5 stable. Between 1994 and 2000, the percentage of workers with health benefits the percentage of workers with an office vis rising prem willing to meet its transp Research In iums, higher out-of-pocket expe stitute, M arency s arch 2008. tandards. Em nses, and m it co-paym ployers are also wo eo nt of at le re stringent e ast $20 increased from rking with health care ligibility Recently, there has been some erosion in the availability of health insurance through an employer held steady at between 73 percent and 75 percent. Since 39 percent in 2004 to 58 in 2007 percent (F providers, insurers, and the federal governm requirements. In fact, most workers will neigur ve ent r b to determ e 8). Overall, the average deductible e eligible f ine how to m or health insur ost effectively and ance in through smaller employers. In 2000, 68 percent of employers with 3-199 employees 2000, the percentage of workers with health benefits has fallen to about 71 am efficiently improve perform Fronstin, Paul, and Dallas. L. Salisbury. “Heal retirem ong workers with em ent through a form ployee-only coverage er e ance mployer. The measurement, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in a PPO increased from th Insurance and Taxes: C data aggregation, and reporting in all $187 in 2000 to an Changing the offered health benefits (F “Trends in Employment-Based Health Benefits igure 2). By 2005, only 59 percent offered it. Between 2005 6 percent. $327 in 2006, an increase of 75 percent, as com areas of phy (AHRQ) reports that only 13 percen Tax Treatm sician practices. ent of Health Insurance Addr t of private-sector establishm pess Challeng ared to the 17 per es in Our Health Care ents cent increase in the offered health and 2007, the percentage of these employers offering health benefits was stable. The for Workers and Retirees” 1 • Worker health costs going up: Workers are paying more for health benefits today CPI. benefits to early retirees in 2005, down Co-paym While em System?e ”nts for prescription drugs ha pl EBRI Issue Brief oyers do continue to offer bene no. 309, Em from 22 percent in 1997 (Figure 12). ve also increased at a rate outpacing ployee Benefit Research Institute, fits to workers, while erosion in the erosion in availability among small employers between 2000 and 2005 followed an than they were in 2000. Average premiums for employee-only coverage benefits package has been m inflation. F Furtherm Septem ore, 13 percent of private-sector es or exam ber 2007. ple, between 2000 and odest, and while em 2007, the average co-paym tablis ployers continue to invest in hments offered health be ent for brand nam nefits to e expansion in availability of health benefits that occurred between 1996 and 2000. increased from $28 to $58 per month between 2000 and 2007, a 107 percent drugs on the for Medicare-eligible retirees in 2005, down strengthening and im mulary increased from $15 to $25, a 67 percent increase, while the proving health benefits, it must be ack from 20 percent in 1997. The trend am nowledged that there are very ong Upon further examination, the erosion in the availability of health benefits Figure 10 Figure 8 Figure 6 Figure 2 Figure 4 increase, and average family coverage premiums increased from $138 to $273 per real issues w average co-paym Fronstin, Paul, Dallas. L. Salisbury, and Jack large employers—those most likely to offer ith th ee em nt for non-form ployment-based syst ulary brand na em health benefits – has been down as well VanDerhei. “S . The current employm me drugs increased 48 percent (Figure 9). avings Needed to Fund ent-based system Figure 12 through small employers that occurred was confined mainly to the smallest employers. Distribution of Physician Office Visit Co Percentage of Private Consumer Health Care Expenditures That Are Out-of- Average Monthly Premiums for Employee-Only Coverage Worker Eligibility for Own Employer Health Benefits, Percentage of Employers With 3–199 Employees -payments, All Plan Types, 2004–2007 month, a 98 percent increase. In cont Percentage of Private-Sector Establishments rast, the consumer price index (CPI) The average co-paym has distinct advantages over (Figure 13). Health Insu rance and Health Care E ent for generic drugs al other alternatives, and de-li xpenses in Retirem so increased faster nking health insurance from ent: Findings from than inflation, up 38 a Between 2000 and 2007, the percentage of employers with 50–199 workers that offered and Family Coverage, and Consumer Price Index (CPI), 2000–2007 Wage and Salary Workers Ages 18–64, Selected Years, 1988–2005 Pocket, and Private Health Insurance Payments, 1960–2005 Offering Health Benefits, 1996–2007 Offering Health Insurance to Retirees, 1997–2005 increased by 20 percent between 2000 and 2007. percent between 2000 and 2007. employm Sim One of the most im ent u m lation Model” ay address the shortcom portant factors (if not EBRI Issue Brief ings (Fronstin and Salisbury, 2007). no. 317, E the mom st im ployee Benefit Research portant) that led to the 80% health benefits bounced around between 92 percent and 97 percent (Figure 3). Among 80% 300 90% 80% 25% • Cost-sharing going up but out-of-pocket share still low: Worker cost-sharing for erosion in retiree health be Despite the fact th Institute, May 2008. For example, health insurance is not por at m nefits was a 1990 acco ore workers are subject to higher tab unting ru le from job to job le change issued by the deductible and co- —i.e. workers can Out-of-pocket Payments Private Health Insurance employers with 25–49 workers, the percentage offering health benefits fell from 91 273 70% 77.8% 21.6% 70% health care services has been increasing and has been outpacing overall inflation. paym rare Financial Accounting S 80%ly contin ents, the percentage of consum ue to partictipate in the s andards Board (F e ar m health e h ASB). Known as Financial Accounting ealth plan when they change jobs. Health care expenses paid out-of-pocket is at an percent in 2000 to 83 percent in 2007, though it bounced around in 76.2% the intervening years. 75.7% 74.9% 248 68% 74.0% 74.0% 73.6% 2004 2005 2006 2007 70% 66% 250 65% Deductibles are increasing and co-payments are increasing. Despite the fact that all-tim Helm Statem insurance influences workers staying in their an, Ruth, and Paul Fronstin. “P e low. In the m ent No. 106 (FAS 106), “Em id-1990s, over 30 percen public At loyer’s Ac titud jobs. In 2004, 27 percen t of consum counting for Postretirem es on the U. er health care expenses were S. Health Ca t of adults reported ent Benefits re System: Among employers with 10–24 workers, the percentage offering coverage fell from 80 226 Early Retirees Medicare-Eligible Retirees 70% 63% 58% 60% 20% 222 60% 57% more workers are subject to higher deductible and co-payments, the percentage of 60% paid out-of-pocket (F Other Than Pensions,” it requi that they or an imm Findings from the Health Confidence Survey.” ediate fa igure 10 m). ily m red employers to report reti By 2005, out-of-pocket spending ember had passed up a job opportunity or stayed in a EBRI Issue Brief ree health liab as a percentage of total no. 275, ilities on the percent to 70 percent between 2000 and 2002, but then increased and reached 76 percent 60% 53% 16.2% 201 consum 59% er health care expenses paid out-of-pocket is at an all-tim 59% e low. In the consum balance sheet. The acco job they would have otherwise left to m Nove er spending was down to 26 percent. Fu mber 2004. unting rule change aintain health insurance (Helm was issued in Decem rthermore, the percen 49%ber 1990 and triggered tage of the premium an and Fronstin, 60% 19.5% 59% 48% by 2007. Finally, employers with 3–9 workers experienced the largest decline in offer 50% 200 50% 179.9 45% 207.3 14.4% mid-1990s, more than 30 percent of consumer health care expenses were paid out- paid by em m 2004). The Health Insu any of the changes that privat ployees for employee-only coverage is down from the m 177.1 rance Portability e-sector em and Accountability Act (HIPAA) addres ployers have made to re 195.3 tir id-1990s and ee he 201.6 14.0% alth ben sed efits 50% 172.2 rates, with the percentage offering coverage falling nearly steadily from 58 percent in 41% 15% 50% 12.7% 13.3% 12.7% 188.939% 184.0 40% of-pocket. 15.4% By 2005, out-of-pocket spending as a percentage of total consumer essentially unchanged for fa Mercer Hum portab since the early 1990s. But even in the la ility when it comes to cove an Resources Consulting. mily coverage. rage fNational Survey of E or te-1980s, before FAS 106 was approved, studies pre-existing conditions In 1993, workers paid an average of 20 mployer-spo for workers changing nsored Health 2001 to 45 percent in 2007. 40% 12.0% 174 11.4% 40% 150 spending was down to 26 percent. 13.0% percent of the prem jobs, but changing jobs is stil were exam 40% Plans: 2006 Survey Repo ining how the proposed changes w ium for em l risky: potential em ployee-only cove rt. 2007. ould cause em rage (Figure 11). By 2007, workers were ployers maployers to reconsider their y not offer health benefits, While there has been an erosion of availability of health benefits at the small 13.0% 13.6% 30% 150 12.5% 12.5% 138 30% • Premium share relatively stable: The percentage of the premium paid by paying 16 percent. The percentage that wo sponsorship role of these benefits and som the benefits offered m 10% ay be less comprehensiv erkers pay for fa em e than those offered in the current job, and ployers made changes to retiree health mily coverage has been employer level since 2000, the percentage of workers reporting that they have access to Employee-Only Coverage Family Coverage CPI 30% 30% The Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) is 10.7% a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institute that 11.2% bouncing around between 26 percen the benefits from benefits in anticipation of FAS 106 ( employees for em the potential em ployee-only coverage is down from ployer m t and 28 percent since 1996. Employ ay ee Benefit Research Institute, 1987). W cost more. And while the mid-1990s and the continuation of hile health benefits through thei 20% r job is largely unchanged from the mid-1990s and down only 100 focuses on health, retirement, and economic security issues. EBRI does not take policy positions 20% coverage provision of the Consolidated we are not on the verge of an accounting rule 20% essentially unchanged for fa For the most part, the percentage of mily coverage Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 the populatio change that wo . In 1993, workers paid an average of n with access to em uld affect active worker ployment- 20% slightly from the late-1980s. In 2005, 74 percent of workers who were not self-employed and does not lobby. www.ebri.org 10% 5% based hea (COBRA) requires em health benefits, public policy proposals—for 20 percent of the prem lth benefits and ployers with 20 or m the per ium for e centage covered b mployee- ore example, those that would rem employees to m only coverage. By 2007, workers were y them is little changed s ake available continued iove ERISA nce the mid- reported that they were eligible for health benefits through their own job, up slightly from 58 10% 10% 50 10% 1990s. In ad health care coverage for a specified p pre-emption or funda paying 16 percent. The percentage that wo dition, sem rve ices covered have ntally change the tax eriod to em increas treatm ployees (and/or their qualified ed, though o rkers pay for fa ent of health insurance—could have ften with res mily coverage has been trictions. 73.6 percent in 1995, but down from 77.8 percent in 1988 (Figure 4). 51 52 0% 47 42 0% bouncing around between 26 percent 38 and 28 percent since 1996. Nevertheless, there has been erosion in the be dependents) who term the same impact on active worker health bene inate em $5-$15/visit ployment for reasons othe n fits as FAS 106 had on health benefits f efits package in that co r than gross m $20 or more/visit st s isconduct, haring has no or t 0% In terms of whether workers have health insurance coverage, for the most part, the 30 0% 28 0% 1988 9 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 th kept up with inflation. retirees. 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 percentage of workers with coverage either 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 from t 2002 heir own employer or from som 2003 2004 2005 2006 eone 2007 Employee Benefit Research Institute, 1100 13 0 Street, NW, Suite 878, Washington, DC 20005 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation. Source: Employee Benefit Research Institute estimates based on data from the Current Population Survey. Source: Various tables at www.meps.ahcpr.gov/Data_Pub/IC_Tables.htm. Source: Kaiser Family Foundation and Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, Paul Fronstin, EBRI— EBRI— EBRI— EBRI— EBRI— EBRI— EBRI— EBRI—S S S S S S S Senat enat enat enat enat enat enat enate Finance e Finance e Finance e Finance e Finance e Finance e Finance e Finance C C C C C C C Co o o o o o o ommittee mmittee mmittee mmittee mmittee mmittee mmittee mmittee Stateme Stateme Stateme Stateme Stateme Stateme Stateme Statemen n n n n n n nt—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 t—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 Paul Fronstin, EBRI—Senate Finance Committee Statement—16 June 2008 1 6 9 0 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1 8 9 2 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004