FF F iF F g iii ig g u g gu u r u ue r r r re e e e2 6 2 1 0 95 3 Figure 23 FF F ig iig g u u u rr r ee e 3 1 18 5 FF F ig iig g uu u rr e re e 1 5 2 0 • NO. 1 PeM rce ed nita an g e Y e of arW s of agT ee& n u Sra el a arty Cu Wr or re k n etr s J ob Ag e for s 2 W 0 a or g eO& lder DistD D rib i is su t tr r ti i ion b bu ut t i iof A on on gt e h of of D e it t Ye sh h te e ra i b r Y Y s u e e tof a a ion r rs s T e of of of nu T T P r e ee rn n i v u u a a r rte e t Cu e - a aS t t re rCu Cu e ct nor r r tr r e e J n n W ob t t a J J for g ob ob e & F for for e S da e W W lr aa a a rly g g W e e & & ag S S ea a & l la a r r Sy y a lary Ag D ei sD tr is ib tr uit b PUBL iu on ti on of I of tC RETI he S tYe ata er W sR of a Eg M T ee EN & n u S ra e T l a a R rtyES Cu WEAR r or re k n etr CH L s Job Ag for esAB 2 Loca 0 or • l O R W le d ae sea g re , 2 &rch 0 S 0a 0l – a S 2018 rt yu dy • NO. 1 Perce Me nd tM a ia g e n e d i Ye of an a S r Y t se a a of te rs T W of ea ng u Te r ee n & u a r S te a Cu la atr r y rCu e W nrtr or e Jn k ob te r Jfor sob A g S for e ta s tP 4 er 5 iW v –a 6 at 4 g e e - W S & e it ct S ha or 2 la 5r W or y a W M gor e or & k ee Ye rs ars Median Years of Tenure at Current Job for Wage & Salary Workers S t Figure 15, • h te lower atT e work he te s nure er D ha is sr te o h rd ib aistr d f ution o loc th ib e s a ution l w S h fa t o ork l h r of a W te Ye es r er y ift ted s me h W a in t er r2 s or d 5 a of h ian l w k eir or e T t ork r en 50 s M e nure ure at C A er ore sg s wit e cle s a Ye h m 2 2 aurr a on r 0 0 ly r or mor s or m g t ent J of h oO v e pub ob fo ed T ld e e ye e t n r o s u lic rW r L ae h -rs oc or s ort ector a of a k t er l t iWage & Cu n t e w g en nure, rork for r ures en er while t S S s f t J a a ra o ob lary tt m 20 6. e t, h or 0 yea Wor e s 00 hker a – rrs 201 e in 2 s A ofges 2 8 t018, h . In ose w 0 or 2000 it h , 100% Workers W AW g ork eor s e k 6r e 0 sr s or Ag A O e gs l e d s2 e 0 r 2, 0 or b or y O Cl O lda le d sr e s ,r of ,2 0 20 W 00 0or – 02018 – k2018 er, 2000 –2018 Ag P Ta En er ble of C e dn cDi en otes strib tag onten e of ution W ts or Tr e kW n er ds or s k Ab ero s W ve A or g Va e ks e r r 4 s io 0A – ug 4 s e 9T s , hresholds b 2y 0 Cl ora O ss ld of erof Tenu ,W 2or 00 k0 e – r,2018 r e 2 000 –2018 Salaof ry T W e Aor n gu e k r se e r 2s a 0t A or Cu ge O r sr le d 2 F n e 0 it g r , or u J r b ob e y O ,1 lA d b 2 g e y e r ,,A b 2 gy 0 e 0 ,A 0 2 g – 0 e2018 0 , 0 2 – 02 00 01 –8 2018 Ages 20 or Older, by Class of Worker and Gender, 2000 –2018 Trends in Public Tre -Sect nds in Publ or Em ic-pl Sec oy tor ee Em Tenure ployee T enure 6.5% 1 10 00 0% % 6.7% 1 12 6..0 0 11 00 .0 0% 8.5% 100% 10 comp –59.3 perc 19 y 3a 0% red ea Older, 20 wit rs of h ent 7.0 teo nure i 00 ff f or ed –2 Loc loc er 018 nc a a ra l w lea lwor ................................ ork G seov ker der (e Figure s s r h a n b a me ny d d 10 8. Cl 2 n4) t a 0 f s or mor 1 s . 0 s or fe .B i 0n % ut ................................ of Sfd p W e y or er e wor ork c e aia l wor fi rc s ker e o rO ,ker f s t c 2 en a c 0 s ges u 0 . ure. B p In c 0a ................................ – 60 o t2 i on on 0 y 1 t2018 r rs 8 a old ,s 2 t t er 0 o f ,0 4 , t 6 e 5.8 perce h – d e tenur er 20 a1 l ................................ wor 8 e d nt ker ih st a sr,d ib t t h utions h e te is level nure of .. of 16 Introd 10 u 0cti % on ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 10.8 12.0% Percentage of Private-Sector Wage & Salary Workers Ages 45 –64 With 25 or More 11.0 13.3% 15.0 14.3% 13.9% 5.8% 15.6% 6.9% 7.2% 28.5% 9.8% 8.2% 10.5% 9.0% 11.9% 9.9% The Shif tp ser 9 in t 0% cen he ta a ge o ge d fistr staib te ution wer workers wit e muc h 10 o h larg r m er ore y than ea ch rsa o nges f ten iure n ten held ure di rels att 1riv 3 1 ib .0 2 e .uti % 6 ly % on co1 ns . S 2.9tt % a ant rting wit from 2 h000 feder –20 al 18 t srtend ate, lo tenu 2 s0 % for p ca rel., r T a iv h n a e d tother t pr e-siv ect ator, s e h-rsee w et ctor ate, a ork wor er nd ker cla los ca s s fl w r eom s ork 1 d 3id .2000 8% er no s w t h –e 2018 a rv e r e 1 s 0elativ .8 uc held h a ely fla r lelativ arge s 14 t. S .2ely st % h pe iftcif ia n the t ic bla e ( llyFigure , pr enu ivra 1 e 1 t 25). .e d 1- % istr sector ibution work frer om s’ By Craig Copeland, Ph.D., Employee Benefit Res 14.5% earch Institute, on behalf of 11t .9h %e Years of Tenure at Current Job 17.0,% by Age, 2000 –2018 14.0 14.0 14.0 18.3% 14.0 1 14 0..0 5 14.0 14.0 Figure 16, Overa9ll 0 M % e d Diia sn T tribenu ution o re, b f t y C he Ye lassa of rs Wor of Tker enure ................................ at Current Job fo ................................ r Private-Sector Wage & ................................ Salary Work 14.7 er % ............ s Ages 6 1 90% 15.6% 15.7% 15.2% 16.4% 16.1% 15.9% 90% 17.1% 19 6..09% 1 90 .0 .3 Craig 298 0Co % % peland, “Trends in Employee Tenure, 1983 18.6%–2018,” EBRI Issue Brief, no. 474 (Employee Benefit Research 21.6% 21.4% wor at aker rou 90 s nd % , t h 40 perc e share ent, g of thoi es ng f e work rom er 39.8 s age ps er 50 cen or old t in 2e 000 to 4 r increas 0.2 perc ed from 31 ent in 2 .2 per 018 ( cent Figure 2 in 2 5.0% 22 000 to . 18). % Th44.0 p e fractier on c of ent About 21%the PRRL T med rend 2000 ian te – nure in s 2 in 018. H Pu 2018 owever 26.6bl % waic , t s v h-er er Sect y clo e was se t a or o its 20 smE allm sh 00 l ifpl t F a ev o iway gel (4.0 in u yree f er om 21 T sh 2018 enure orter v tenu s. 3.9 i resn 20 in ea 00) ch , of loc th a 2e r 6 l .wor 4% em ker aini sng ’ median Publi 14c .0 Retir 24em .7% ent Rese 10.0arc 2h 4. L 8%ab 10.0 24.3% 10.010.0 10.0 12 07 .0 .8% 25.4% 28.6% 21.1% 30.4% 26.7% 9.0 30 1.5 8.2 % % 13.0 31.2% 20 or 9 Ol .8 der, 2000–2018 ........................................................................................................................ 16 Institute, February 28, 2019). This publication was 32.8% a continuation of numerous EBRI publications on this topic. See 30.2% 33.5% 33.7% Specific Occupations, S 1t7 a .1 t% e and Local Workers ................................................................ 19.6% ................................... 10 18 00 .0 % 26.8% A loca in 201 new pr l w 10.08 ( ork ogr Figure era sm o wit 17). h f t th he E is Thma e ma pny years ge g loyee B rou1ene p o 8of .0% t ff wor e itnure Res ker ea ts re t rc nd hh a In e t h ds upwar a td itute an the c d over orr d T es h t 8po e .h 5N e nd s ata iion ng d me p al A ecr es rea s iod os cia ,e fr t wa om ion o s 4 th f1.6 G e 40 over per -ye nme ca ent in r-ol nt ds, tenu wor re w ker as cla 7.0 ye sse D s ai. r ss t in 2 ribu000 a tion of ndt 2018 he Ye , a ar ns d s of ta T te en wor ure ker at s ’ m Cued rre ia nn te t Job nure for wa W s a sg lig eh & tly S lower alary in 2018 at 6.0 14.0 1880% % 39.3% 18.8% 80% 40.4% 27.1% Paul Yakoboski, “Debunking the Retirement Policy Myth: Lifet 20im .0% e Jobs Never Existed for Most Workers,” EBRI Issue 28 60 % % 26.4% By C8r 0a %ig Copeland, Ph.D., Employee Benefit Research 20.1%Institute, on behalf of the 80% 12.0 24.8% 18.8% 20.3% 24.8% 26.6% 20.2% 2000 f Figure 17, alling tfo rom 42.8 per A36.0 p ge Dis cen ter rib cen tutio in t2 t n o 018 a o 23 f Fe .7 p f d ter er er a pe cen l W aa king t. ge & a S t 46.9 alary W per ork cen erts in Age 2016 s 20 . In c or Ol on dte ra r, 2000 st, the – s2 h018 are of ...................... fe 1 29 d 2..5 er 9% % al 17 Defined Cont 2r 4ib .2% ution 48 A .8% dmiW nis or trk ae tors rs , t Ag he e sP 2 ubl 0 – ic R 29, eti bry emen Clas ts R of esea Wror ch k Lab (P er, 20R 0R 0L) –2 is 0 23 1 .d 38 % edicated to research years compared with 6.5 years in 2000. 8.8 26.1% 24.0% 13.0 Geographic Region ................................................................................................ 13 ................................ .0 ................. 13.0 10 19% 8 1.30.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 18.3% 8.0 23 8..1 0% 8.0 Brief, no. 197 (Employee Benefit Research Institute, May 1998); Paul Yak 16.ob 3%oski, “Male and Fe2 m 4.ale 2% Tenur1 e C 8.3% ontinues 12.0 8.5 30.0% 8.5 8.5 Introdu 100c %tion 18.0% Public Retirement Research L 0.1a %b 0 1.7 9 .% 9% 0.1% 0.9% 70% 1.0% 1.2% 1.8% 7.8 9.0 1.6% 8.4 1.2% 1.4% 1.4% 1.3% 70% a wor • ime ker Ad 8 ll 7 .0 cla a 0s % wit t a ss b h es ett 10 o of er p un r ubl more y der ic-s ste a ea ctor nd rs ing o wor of tf e ker t nure he s h da e sh s d 3 ign ow 2 long .6% ed an er a d t d util enu ownwa iza res tion , o rdn a of tren d ver e d fa ,ine ge, t from d c h on 5 a9.3 n th trib per ution pub osecen of pr t in iv lic r a 2000 teeti -se r t em ctor o 45 ent p wor .8 ker lans s.. to Mo2 v4e i % n Opposite Directions,” EBRI Notes, Vol2 . 22 .90 %, no. 2 (Employee Benefit Research Institute, February 1999): 1–4; 8.0 2 84 .0 .5% 12.0 8.0 36.1 8% .0 8.0 26.0% 26.1% 12.0 12.0 22.5% 70% 23.8% 9.4 8.8% 36.2% 28.1% Figure 18, 1 76 0% % Age Distribution of State Wage & Salary Wor 9.7%kers Ages 20 or Older, 2000–2018 .......................... 18 Percen 70t% age of Workers Above Various Thresholds of 36 T .9enu % re .............................................................................. 12 9.0 27.1% 22.6% 7.5 9.0 9.6% State and local workers experienced a simil1 a 1r .7 a %ging. The percenta 2ge o 9.8%f state w 28.1% orkers ages 50 or older 8.0 35.3% 8.0 31.0% 11.7% 12.0% per Davcen id Cons Rajnes t in 2 equen ,018. “Up tly dC , r aton e eti on E vrer em sm ely, p ent ploy pr ee riv ogr a Tenu ta ems -sre e,” i ctor n the pr EB wor RI Nker ot ive as s t wer e s , Vol e.e the ctor 22, a no. on re n 3 ly ( ot l cl Em aikely s ps lo o ye f m wor e B od ene ker els fit f s or t Res thah ea t s e pub ra cw t h Ins lic he pr tit sut ect op e, or g Mar ortion iv ch en T he PR 8.0 RL provides unbiased and acti 35.7 o % nable findings to plan sponsors, providers, policym 22.1 24 % a .2ker % s, a 214 4 n ..4 7 d % % others 25.0% 21 66.0 .6% % 14.6% 15.3% 24.0% 21.6% 90% 17.4% 25.6% 22.1% Employee tenure is a critically important topic when it comes to designing retirement programs. In a recently 17% 11.0 8.4 20.8% 24.8% 21.1% 7.0 23 1.43.% 0% 14.2% 60% 7.0 20.9% increa 6 6s 0 0% % ed from 27.6 per 25c .7 ent t % o 36.8 percent (Figure 18). Again, the percentage of the 40-year-old age group 10.0 16.1% 7.5 7 2.5 0.4% Figure 19, T 2enu 0012 r ): 2 e D % 1–i8 s ;t A r Cr ge D ibaig ution T iCop strib el rutio end andn o ,s “ ................................ Ef m L poc loy a ee l W Ta enur ge & e,” S E a................................ B lary RI N Wor otesker , Vol s A . 2 ge 4,s no. 20 ................................ 3or Ol (Emp d lo er ye , 2000 e Benefit –................................ 2018 Resear .......................... ch Institute, .... 15 18 2 25 7..8 8% % 23.8% wit to inf ht 10 o h or es m b e te r more ye ett nure er dd eif a cis frer sio of en nce t -ma enu sking a rnd e pe t sh urr ae s k in ou tr nd on 2018 ig ng pub pr,ev rea ali len c ch -s ing ce ect of 27. or de d4 per efifne ine d ce d b c nt ene on (up tfrit ib f(D uti rom B on ) 24.8 pl reti ans r eme p . er Def cen nt p ine t in d lan co 200 s.ntr 0 ib )ution . 7 6..5 8 13.8% 60% 32.0% 7.8 24.7% 20.7% 60% 29.8% 13.6% 1 13.6% 15.6% publish 60e %d Employ 31 8..5 0%ee Benefit Research Ins8t.it 0ute (EBRI) r7 eport .4 , data o8 n em .0 ployee tenur 1e 7.3w %ere sh8 ow .0 n to 21.9% 24.1% 31.4% 8.0 7.0 20.2% 7.5 23.0% 6.5 14% 1 30 4..0 6% 17.9% 8.0 2 12 1 7 70 ...0 0 3 .0 % % 21.2% 21 1.0 0.% 0 March 2003): 1–10; Craig Copeland, “Employee Tenure: Stable Overall, but Male and Female Trends Differ,” EBRI represented decreased, from 31.5 percent t 26o 22 .4% .4 percent. The fraction of local wor 19.6 ker % s who were ages 50 S U M M A R Y 80% 16.5% 31.3% 23.3% (DC) plans in the public sector could have differ 2ent 0.6%appropriate asset allocation strategies given th 21.9%e 6.5 6.5 Age D 8.istr 0 ibution Trends ................................ 36.9% ................................ 7.0 ................................ 30.1% ................................ 22.4% .......... 18 29.3% Figure 20, Age Distribution of Priva 26 t.e 1% -Sector Wage & Salary Worker 16.s 4% Ages 20 or Older, 2000–2018 21 7 6...2 0 0 % ........... 19 contra 5 5d 0 0% % ict the belief that individuals in past generations held only one job for their 19 entir .0% e career (career 5.9 20.9% 8.0 33.7% 24.9% 21 5..6 9% 20.9% Notes2,5 0 V 0 % % ol. 26 32 9 ,1 .no. 6 .0 % % 3 (Employee Benefit Research 26 Ins .9% titute, March 2005): 1–10; Craig Copeland, “Employee Tenure, 15.9% 5.8 26.7% or olde Moving t 15% r move o a2 lo 2.d 8 nger 7% . f 5rom 30 thres.h 2 old per 7 o .5cen f ten t ture, t o 37.6 perc he perce ent, ntage o with tfh s e ta st h e a are o nd l f t oc ho as l e wor a 24 gker .es 7% 40 s wit –49 h 25 or m decreaore y sing e to 2 ars5.5 of 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 25 3..7 7% 18.3% gua 5 50 0% % ranteed income coming from the DB 2 pl 8.0% an, which could mean 8more inv .0 estm8ent in r .0 6.0 iskier assets and 6 8..0 0 5.5 7.4 5.5 8.0 Craig C 50opela % nd is Seni 17or R .2 90 % .0% esearch Associate 20a .2t % the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI), which 15.5% 24.2% 6.0 job 2006 s). In ,” Es BtR ea I N dot , it e r s,ev Vol ea . led 28, t no. h 3a 2.t 4 6 % so (E- m ca plo lled yee ca Br ene eer j fitobs Resear never ch I a ns ctu titut all e, y exi April 2 sted 00 f7 or ): 1 mos –11 t w ; Cr ork aiger Cop s a el nand d st,ill “E d m o pno loyte e 20.0% 21.8% 15.3% Figure 1 T enure Ag 70% e Distribution Trend 29.3s % ................................ 23.4% ................................ 8.3 ............................................................. 20 6.5 6.5 6.5 19.5% 22.9% 17.1% per Figure 21, tenu cen re ts f tr aom 3 ye Did s in tr1 ib .1 per a ution o relativ cent fe tly h (e Ye na Figure rra ow b r 1s 51 . 1 of 9). % a T nd en fure rom a2000 t Curr– ent J 2018 ob fo (Figure r Wa ge & 9). S S taa te w laryork Wor erker s’ per s Ac ge entag s 20e wa –29, by s 7. 9 12% 23.9% 19.4% lesser need for income-generating assets in the DC 12 7pl 2 .1 .0 % a % n. In addition, the public-sector worker 14 s .9 wer % e less cospon 6.0sors the Publ 21 ic R .8%etirement Research Lab along with the National Association of Defined Cont 7.0 ribution 4 40 0% % 20.8% 19.7% T Eenu mployee r1e, 8% 20 0 ten 8,”ure EB R — I N th ot e a es,mou Vol. nt 31of , no.1 tim e a (Em n in ploy d eiv e Be idun aefit l ha Res s bee ear n ch in Ins his titor her c ute, January urrent 201 job 0): — 1 – v1 a2 ries ; Cr aig s 2igni 1.7 Co % fic pe a land ntly , 22.8% 26.2% 19.2% today. 18.8% 22.3% 23.9% 40% Median Years of Tenure at Cur2 r1 e .4 n % t Job for Wage & 2 S 3a .2l % ary Work2e 2r .3s % 16.6% 16.4% 24.4% 14.2% 19.3% percent in 2000 and 8.1 percent in 2 18.9 018, p % eaking at 9.4 percent in 200 17.7% 6. For local w2ork 3.1% ers, 7.6 percent 74 .0 0%Class of Worker, 20 6.0 00–2018 ................................................................................................................. 20 Conclu 40s %ions ................................................................................................ 6.0 16.0% ................................ 6.0............................. 6.0 23 13 4% 0% 17.2% A “E dm mini p lik loely t ysee tra T o c tenu ors. A 2h 8.0 a re T % nge j ny v rend obs, w iews Lines, expr hic 1h 9 es me 83 sed -2 a0 n i1 n thi s0 f,e ” wer E sB rR eport opp I Notort e a sr,unities f e tho Vol. 3 s1 e o , or l no. f tea h 1e 2 k a a (E ut ge mh pa or a lo nyd ee m nd B ore c ene shofit uld on Res t no inuo ea t b rus ce h p a Ins s acri r tt iticipatio b ut ee, d to n. the 5.4 17.7% between 60wor % kers in the pr 13.3iv %ate and public sectors. The public sector consists of workers at differe1nt l 5.6% evels of 5.5 5.5 16.8% 25.7% 7.0 14.1% 16.5% 6.0 28.5% 16.6% Private-sector workers als A o a g7e .ge 0s d 2 f 0 2r4 om 2 or .3% O000 lder – ,2018 by Cl , a whe ss rof e th W e per ork5ce e .3rntage , 2000 of – t2 h0 os 1e a 8 ges 50 or older 9.4% 23.8% 7.0 4.9 23.2% 2 7.3 0.5% 23.2% 22.9% 7.0 23.1% had this level o 12.7% f tenure in 2000. Th 5 4..i0 8s percentage peaked in 2004 at 9.2 percent but then returned 5.0 to 7.6 in 3 30 0% % 4.8 22.9% of Decem ficers, tr 16b %er 2 u0 s1 tee 0):s 2 , or ot –12; h Cr er aig s pon Cops el ors a9 nd .4% of , “ E Em BR plo I, E yee mploy Tenuee B re Trene ends fit , 1 R 9es 83e -2 a0 rch 12 Ins ,” Et B itR ute I N- ot Ee ds u,ca Vol tio . 3 n a 3, n no. d R 1e 2s earch Howev 10% er, tenure for some groups of public 44..97-sector workers was 5.0 shortening, so understanding how to 4.9 4.9 4.9 17.4% Still, wor 4.0 kers in the 15.4% public sector have significantly l 3o 0.nger 4% tenures, on average 9 4..2 9,% tha 1n t 1.2% hose in the pr 23.7% ivate gov E Figure 22, nder no nme tes ................................ nt D, i isn wh tribution o ich tenu f th re v e Ye ................................ ara ies rs . of Th Tien s sure at C tudy id ................................ enti urrent J fies tob fo he dif r W fera en 1ge & 6 ................................ .8 ces % S in alta en ry ure Wor tker rend s ................................ 9 A .s 1% a ge mon s 30 g– pub 39, by lic- . 24 30% 2 41 .5 .1% 21.4% 13.1% 12.2% increa 12.0 sed from 21.0 percent in 2000 to 31.4 percent in 201 25.28 ( % Figure 4.3 20). Among private-sector workers, 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3 30 0% % 14.6% 8.7% 4.2 21.8% 14.1% 2018 (Emplo . 3y 0 T ee % he Bs ene har fit e o Res f fear eder ch aIl wor nstitut ker e, s D wit ecem h 25 o ber 2 r0 more 12): 1years o 2–23; Cr f t aig en Cop ure el wa a nd s t ,2 h 3 “.e m E 1m %pos loytee vola Tenu tile re T over rends the p , 19 e8 rio 3-d, Fu nd (EB 50R %I-ER 1F) 6.5,% NAGDCA 14.9, or t % heir staffs. Neither EBRI nor EBRI-ERF lobbies or takes positions on specific 10.7% 27.7% 2 11 4..3 2% % 13.3% 21.8% 11.6% 4.0 8.4% 4.0 10.7% 8.3% 4 4..0 0 4.0 incorporate more sh 2ort 1.5% er-tenure worker 1s 2 2 . m 0 8.% 5a %y involv 2 12 0e s . .0 0% % ome tweaking of t 20h .8e r % etirement programs. 3.9 13.0% 12.0% 12.1% s sector ector 11 w . % In this orker r s eport (feder b ay t l, s hte a1 tP e, a 1ubl .6%nd ic R loc etia remen l) while t R co es mp ear ach ring t Lab h ( ePRRL m wit)h , t th he os d e if 1o f 1er .f2 p % enc riva ets e in ten -sector ure b work etw er 10 s e .. 8 en % Data Class of Worker, 2000–2018 ................................ 14.9................................ % 13................................ .5% 24.8% ................. 20 6.0 5 1.3 3.% 4% 11.2% 11.8% 12 8..1 3% % not only did the share of 40-year-old workers decline but so did the share of 30-year-old workers — 10 26. .6%0 2 20 0% % 12.7 0.9% 8.3% 13.7% 11.0% 13.2%12.4% 20141 ,” 4 % EBRI Notes, Vol. 31 6 9 3 .,2 . 4 % no. % 2 (Employee Be2 nefit 1 71 .6 .9 % % Research Institute, 14 Fe .5% bruary 2015): 2–13;4 and .3 Craig Copeland, Figur 4e .0s 10.9% 11.4% 13.7% increa policy p sing ropo frs om 1 als. P 3.6 perc RRL invent in 20 ites comme 00 to 1 nt on t 4.7 perc his rese ent in 201 arch. 8 with a couple o 12.6f % jumps1 a 0.b 9% ove 16 p 11.9% ercent. 1.1% 8.9% 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 8.9% 13.0% 12.5% 5.5 4.8 pub from th lic- 8% se ect U.S. C or work enser us cl B a ure sses au a ’sr e Cur exa rent P mineopul d. ation Survey (CPS) are the basis of the tenure trend 20% 6.9 6.% 0% 9.2% 8.5% 31.4% 8.6% 4.0 “Emp 11 lo 2 2 .0 0 0 y % % ee Tenure Trends, 1983-2016,6 ”. 1 E % BRI Notes, Vol. 38, no. 9 (Employee Benefit Research Institute, September percen 20t% t 40o 2 % 1.0 percent and 28.0 percent to 23.5 percen 8.5% t, respectively. 11 0.1 4.% 1% 21 50 .1 .5 % % Figure 23, Distribution of the Years of Tenure at Current Job fo 8.8%r Wage & Salary Workers Ages 40–49, by P Figure 1, rivate-sector Med wor ian Ye ker as rs ’ s of h a Trenu 6 e .5wa %re a s stt e Cur adier rent J , incre ob f aor sing gr Wage & adua Sll ay ov lary W er t ork imer e s fr o Am 4.4 ges 20 per or Ol cen dter in , b 2000 y Clas ts o o 5.2 f 7.6% 11.6% 7.6% 107 .4 .9 % % • The most striking r 8.4% esult of this study is the age distribution of1 wor 1 8..6 1% %kers in the public s 8.1ect % or, as the share 9.7 2.% 6% 9.7 9% .9% 4.4 10.1% 9.1% 10.3% 8.0% 4.0 2.1 4.3 9.7% comparisons of the diff1 er 0.0 e % nt clas 5.0 ses of worker 7.8s % who make up all of 4.3 the wage and sa 5.lary 0 work 7.2% ers in the 20, 20 11 1 2 21 0 0 .% 0% % 7): 2–14. 7.2% 2.0 2.0 7.9% 1.9 1.9 7.7% 9% 6.0% 10.1 2.4 18.5% 7.3% 10.8% 177 .8 .6 % % 8.2% 8.6% 7.1% 7.6% 10.0 10.0 6.1%10.1% 10.0 6.6 41 .% 9 .7% 8.9%3.5% 8.2% Class 6 .of 3% Worker, 2000–29 018 .5% ................................................................................................................. 15.5% 21 percent in 2 Wor 018. ker 1.5 , 2000 Again, –201 as sh 8o ................................ wn, the federal wor ................................ kers’ percentage w 9 7..2 1% % ................................ as the highest and 1................................ pr .5 ivate-s 1ector 0 1..5 5% . 6 25.1% 24.6% 24.8% 29 4 .3 .5 % % 13.8% S Th ugg e l of a 5 est . t t 0es hed os t d e i Cit atn their 4 a at on 3ion .9 empl : 3 Cr .80s % aig oyee tenure isCopel sharpl an y d d , “ f ecli rT or m the J en ning. ds iT n P a hnu isubl me ariy c a-2018 S n 23 s ector .8 t % haS t E t uppl h mploy e work 24 e .5 0 men .% 1ee T % ftorc t enu o the e will 24r .0 e % U.S. C ,” b PR eco RL en m 24Res .e s s 4% us 1igni 3 earc .B 1% ure fic h S 2a a 44 ntl .u’ 2 .tud 0 % s y Cur y, no rent . 1 2.0 5.6% 10% 30% 5.5% American 1 10 0% % wor 1k 9. 9 f% orce. 1.9 9.2% 1.9 1.9 9.4% 5 1..5 9% 9.1% 198 .5 .9 % % 10% 8.4% 8.9% 10.6% 0 7.4% 7.7% 1.8 17.9% 2 6.4% 6.6% 6.5% 17.0% 6.9% 5.2% 8.8% 7.0% 5.2% 1.7 16.3% 5.9% 16.9% 16.5% 16.2% 2006 15.9% 2008 2010 5.1% 5.3% 2012 5.2% 2014 5.3% 2016 2018 The latest data come fr 4.2% om the Januar3 y. 8 2 % 018 Supplement to the Current 3P .8o % pulation Survey (CPS), a monthly 1.6 survey of workers’ the lowest. 1.5 P (P opula ubl younger i ic R tion S etiremen urv n 145 to 1 .2ey (C %t Re P 0 yea s Sea ) arrch re exa s, Lab, as t mi hM e larg ne ad y 7 ae nd , 2 s 020) h co armp e o . a f wor red wit kerh s t a ren ges d 50 s fr or ol om pr dev eriou wils l b CP e r Seti da ring while t ta on employ he s ee maller 100% 0% % 13.1% 12.7% 8.3% 13.3% 1 4. 2 7.% 3% 4.7% 11.7% 12.1% 12.2% Figure 24, Distribution of the Years of Tenure at Current Job for Wage & Sala 10r.y 7% Worker1s 0 A .9% ges 50–59, by Figure 2, Med 10 ia .0n Ye % ars of Tenure a 10t. Cur 2% rent J 10ob .1%for Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 or Older, by Class of 9.2% 9.6% 9.6% 9.5% 8.1% 8.0% 4.4% 44.8% 44.8% 9.0 9.0 42.5% approx 37% .im 0 ately2 2 2 0 0 6 4 0 0 02 0 0 0 0.0 0 ,0 % 002 2 hous 0 01 10 0200 ehol 4 2 20 0d 1 1s 8 8 on d 200 2 2 emog 6 0 00 00 0 rap2 2hic 0 0 20 1 10 0 0s 8; lab2 2 or 0 01 1 8 8 for 20c 10 e s 2 20 0 tat 0 00 0us; 2and 02 2 10 0 21 1 0 0other 2 2c 0 0 2ha 1 1 08 8 14 racter 2 20 0is 0 00 0tic 20s 1 6of t 2 20 01 1 he c 0 0 iv 2ilian, 02 2 10 0 81 18 8 2 State-Education, Training, and Library Occupations State-Office and Administrative Support Occupations 20% 39.2% 39.6% 39.3% t In pr enu sior r rh e. are no Fu ese rta h w rer ch in their more, p , the E 40s mp ublloyee B ic st -s aect rts or w t ene o mo f ork itv R e i er es s nto t ea arr e b c hh e In rok 50 sen t-it or ute (E -ou old t i er nto t B a Rge g I) hh e l a rs ou ev sel o p h. Wit own f gov h th ta h er t e nme d younger atant i onn wh e -tmploye haic nh -a tge h e ten ey are -50 ur e 0% 0% 0% 0% Class of Work 35er .9% , 2000–2018 ................................................................................................ 35.5% ................. 21 Worker and Gender, 2000–2018................................................................................................ 7.2% ............. 7 90 0 .0 ..0 0 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 31.8% 8.5 8.5 Local-Education, Training, and Library Occupations Local-Protective Service Occupations nonins4% titutionalized American population. The U.S. Census Bureau conducts this CPS supplement for the U.S. Copyright Information F Fe ed de e : r rT a allhis report is copyrighte S St ta at te ed by the Public RetirL Lem o oca callent Research Lab P Pr r(iv iv PRRL a at te e S Se ect ct). Yo o or r u may 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 82 .2 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 27.1% employe cohort d — ma fed king era up a l, sta larg te, or l er oc and al. larg By er segm sha enting re of t h te e p nure lev ublic-sels ector acro work ss ea for ch ce goin level of g fo gov rwar ern dmen , retitr, it em ient s contradicted t 2 20 0h 0 00 0 e belief t 2 2h 0 00 0a 4 4t ind 25.1iv % id 2 2u 0 00 0a 6 6ls in pas 2 20 0t0 0 gen 8 8 erations 2 20 01 10 0 held o2 2 nly on 0 01 12 2 e job2 2 0 0 fo 1 14 4r their entir 2 20 01 16 6 e career 2 20 0 1 1(c 8 8 areer 2000 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 10% Local-Office and Ad45 min –54 istrative Support Occupations 55–59 8.060–64 8.0 D Figure 2 epartment 5, D of L istr ab ibor uti ’son Bu o rea f th u e Ye of Lab aror s of Sta Tt en isture at C ics (BLS)urr . Tenur ent J 8.0 e le ob fo vels r W fora p ge & revious Sa ly a ea ry rWor s com ker e fr s A om ge vs a 60 rious or Ol other der , by co Figure 3, py, print, or Med S ia d taow n Ye te-Ma nloa la e rsd of th T is repor enu State-rFe em a ta s t le Cur olely f rent J or p Loca ob er l-Ma s for o lenS al an tate Wage & S dL n oca on l-Fec m omm ale aer lary cia Wor Pl riv us atk e e, pr -er Mas le ovi Ages ded 20 o t Prh iva atrt e Ol a -Fell m d a h er lea, b rdy A copies ge, 7.8 5% 7.8 20 20 –29 –29 30 30 –– 39 39 40 40– –49 49 50 50– –59 59 66 00 ++ pos jobss pr )ib a ogr le t nda i o ms ns sh t e ow aa rd e likel t r h ev e e dy g a ifle fer oing t dent ch thao n t1 ca o1 a r ee o ll Lrr ee enge s Ld ser es st job o s enc v s >1 a >1 n – ompa r2 – io ev 2us er p a s3 s a 3 ctually exi – – pr r 4 4tso of gr t a 55 h –ms – 9e gov 9st t ed ha 10 er f t 10 –or lo 19 n –19 men ok a most 2 tt 0 t w f a 2 o h 0 rce o e tot Mo orrker rin Mo e ra e s pr l fin a ovi nd a d nc s ing r till es d eti of o t rno em he work t t eo nt dayer . s, 1 1 20 o o20 – r r 29 L L –e e 29 s ss s >1 >1 3030 – – –2 2 39 –39 3 3– –4 4 40 40 –– 49 495 5– –9 9 50 50 10 10 ––59 – – 59 19 19 2 20 06 6 0 0 o o+ r r + M Mo or re e 8.5 8.0 Figure 17 Federal State Local Private Sector 7.5 7.5 supplements t2 o t 00he CP 0 S. Fo 200 r 4a further2 0 d0is 6 cussion of 2008the data 2s 0our 10 ces, see 20 1t2he Bureau 201of L 4 abor Sta 2016tistics’ “E 20 m 18ployee Class of Worker, 2000–2018 ................................................................................................................. 22 retain a Sourny a c2000 e: EBR n I d es– ta im 2 ll a018 co tes frpy o m ................................ r th igh e Jat n a uarnd y 20 0other 6–2018 Ca urrppl en................................ t Pic opa ulb atle noti ion Surveys ces . 7. c 5 on................................ tained therein, and 8................................ . you 0 may cite or qu............... ote small 8 Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 2004–2018 Current Population Surveys. benef aSs o it t u S S S Ss rh o o o o c u u u u ea es r r r r :c c c c E n e e e eB : : : :e d R E E E EI m B B B B ca e R R R RsI I I It ia e e e e m n be m s s s sn a t t t tiiiitm m m m a ea a a a sging t t t tfe e e e ro s s s s m f f f fr r r r o o o oore imp tm m m m h t e t t t th F h h h hee e e e eb F F F Fre e e e wor ub b b b ar r r r ry u u u uort a a a a 2r r r rk 0 y y y y0 2 2 2 2a 0f 0 0 0 0 orce 0 0 a nt f 0 0n 0 0 0 0d a a a a n n n Ja nd d d or y dn Ja Ja Ja Ja u a an n n ns ru u u y uou a a a a 2004 B r r rry y y ya 2 2 2 2 ng 0 0 0 0b –0 0 0 02y 4 4 4 4er 0– – – –1B 2 2 2 2 80 0 0 0 wor C oo 1 1 1 1u 8 8 8 8r C C C C re mers ret u u u un r r r rker r r r rt e e e ePn n n not t t t pP P P Ps uo o o ol. T a p p p ptu u u u io lllla a a ah nt t t tir iiiiS o o o o is u n n n n e r co S S S S ve a u u u uys r r r rve ve ve ve nd .uld ys ys ys ys.... M inclu illennia de v lsa b rieco ousme th financi e larg al wel eslb t s ei hng are of However, workers in the public sector do have longer tenures, on average, than those in t 8.0he private sector. S S Soo ou u urr rc0% c cee e:S S : : E o o E EBR u u B Br rR R c cII Ie e e : : e e sE E s stt tB B im iim m R Ra I Ia a tt te e e e es sss s t t f iim m f frr ro o o a am m m t te e ts s t th h h f fe r r e eo o F F F m m e e e b b b t trh h r ru u u e ea a a rF F r ry y y e e2 b b 2 20 r r0 0u u 0 0 0a a 0 0 0 r r y y a a an 2 2 n nd 0 0 d d0 0 Ja Ja Ja 0 0n n n a a u u u n na a a d d rr ry y y Ja Ja 2 2 2n n 0 0 0u u 0 0 0a a 4 4 4 r r– y y – –22 2 2 2 00 0 0 0 11 1 1 1 8 8 8 0 0 C C C a a u u u n n rr rr d d r ree e 2 2 n n n0 0 t t t 1 1 P P P8 8 o o o p C C p pu u u u ula r r lla a r rte e t tio iin n o on t t n nP P S S So o u u up p rr rve u u ve ve lla a ys ys ys t tii.o o ..n n S Su ur rve veys ys.. Age Distribution of Federal Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 or Older, 2000 –2018 7.8 Figure 8 7.0 Tenure Technical Note” at www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.tn.htm (last viewed March 5, 2020). Results of research 7.0 portions of the report provided that you do so verbatim and with proper citation. Any use beyond the scope of 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 7.5 the labor progr a force. ms, s uch as emerg 7 7..5 5 ency savings programs, student loan debt progr7a .5ms, and overall budgeting 45–54 7.5 55–59 60–64 Figure 4, 7.0 Median Years of Tenure at Current Job for Loca 7.4l Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 or Older, by Age, Percentage of Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 or 6.5 100% from BLS and EBRI are compiled in this article to present various trends in employee tenure. See the EBRI publications, Federal State Local Private Sector T th he f is s oreg tudoing r y, coneq ducte uires d o Pn RR beh L’sa pr lf of ior exp the P re ubl ssic R pereti mis re smen ion. F t R or p esea ermis rch L sio ans b (P , pl RR ea L) s,e c build onts a ct onPRRL that r a es t earch by programs. These programs can help establish the overall finances of the younger workers so th 7.a 0 t they 6.5% 6.8% Source2000 : EBRI es– tim 2 at018 es from ................................ the February 2000 and January................................ 2004–2018 Current Population S ................................ urveys. ............................................... 8 Older W 8i.t 8h % 10 or More Years of Tenure at Current 9.2% op. cit., and the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ “Emp1 lo 0.y 8ee % Tenure” at www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm (last Age ? The median tenure of workers increased with their age for state and local government workers until 12.4% 12.7% Co Tenu per Spmis n ec cr ifi lus se A ion c O io s g @ n c e Dist pr s c u rlp .org atio rib . u nt s, io State and n Trends Local Workers 13.2% more closely examining tenure of pub 1 or Llic ess-sector>1 w –ork 2 ers. 3–4 5–9 10–19 14.0% Definiti6ons .5 6.5 F Fiig gu ur re e 1 26 4 have their finances in order to prepare for retirem F Fiig g e u u nt inste r re e 1 14 9 ad of struggling to meet current financial 6.0 FF ig ig uu rr ee 14 1 Figure 7 Job, by Class of Wor 5.6ker, 2000 –2018 90% viewed March 5, 2020). 5.4 Figure 5, ages 50–M 59 e. dA ia sn Ye shoa wn in rs of fT igur enu ers e a 3 a t Cur nd 4, work rent Job er for s aP ge riv sa 50 te-– S59 ector ha Wage & d longer S job alary tenu Wor res ker duri s A ng t gesh 20 e p or Ol eriodd er, 5.3 Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 2010 and 2018 Current Population Surveys. Distribution of the Years of Tenure at Current Job for Wage & 6. 0Salary 6.0 obligati Aon gD es i s .D D tiris is b ttr u riib tb iu on uttiion on of of tof he Loc t h Ye e a a Y l re W sa of a rs g T e of e& n T u S era n elu aa rre t y Cu a W t r or Cu re k n re r tr e s J nob t A g J ob e for s 2 for S 0 t a or P te riO v W la d a te e g r-e ,S 2 e & 0 c t S 0or a 0 – la2018 ry MeP de ia rn c M e e Ye nd tia a ag rn s e Ye of of a T Loc re sn of u ar le T W e an a tu g Cu r ee& ra r e S tn a Cu tl aJ r rob r ye n W for t or Job k W e r a for s g e Ag Loca & e s S a 4 ll5 a W – ry 6 a 4 g W eW or &ik tS h ea r2 l sa 5 A r y or g e W s M or 2 ore 0 k e or rYe s O alr ds er, Report Availa 4b .9ility: This re 4.9 port is a4 v.a 9 ilable at 4pr .9 rl.org Her T By Only a limit enu ex e a ra e d mining re th iste r e key ib d t n utions humber e te find nure iings: n e ofa s o ch of ccu a pub g pe gr alic tions -ou an p pr h da pr dovi iv su a d fte fe ici -a sent d ect ditor w s iona ampl ork l in e s er form iz s, es sa o ta me imp ion croon ss t h ort h ow e y ant conc f ea utur rs t e te o ls us nure how a ionsi s t ca lik rend n be dr ely t in th o lo awn e ok . 3 exa mined than workers ages 60 or older. In addition, state and local workers had very similar median A few key t by Age, 2000 erms to be –2018 use ................................ d in this study are d ................................ efined below: .................................................................. 9 59.3% For the remainder of this study, all worker classes contain wage and salary workers ages 20 or older, except when W Wa or gk ee & rsSA ag la er sy 5 W 0 – or 5k 9e , rb syA Cl ge as s s2 of 0 or W or Olk de er r, , 2 20 00 00 0 – –2 2018 018 1 50 .0 0% 24.7% Workers Ages 20 or Older, 2000 –2018 by Cla of ssT of e An gu W er se ork 2a 0te or Cu r a O rn rld e d n e G tr e ,J og b ob yr ,a A b p gy h e i,A c 2 gR 0 ee 0 , g 0 2i – 0 on 2018 00 , – 22 00 11 48 –2018 80% Figure 22 med a Th s w e mo iork an te s er t s s nure igni age fica o afnd w nt ork move cher an sges .ou Th te o wer sfe in th ee w a clu mork d on e g e force d fed uca era ta io nd l w n, younger w ork traer ining, a s, whork er nd e th lib erse work r t aa ry ( ke over st a for te ce a and swa th loc e larg s a agi l)ng b ; e os ft f s ic ut t h e a ah rnd e e s of h t ah re of e 100% t senu pecific r 5es 9% ag in es ea ar ch e p arge esent gro ed. up T (a her lth efo ough re, “ wag locae and l work ser alar s iyn wo threir ker 20s s ages ha2 v0 e or slig olh dt er ly” lo wil nl not ger med be rep ian te eated nure buts s ). hould In 2018, be 16.0 31.3% 4.9 11 10 .0 0% 7.8% 1 20 80 % % 8.9% 9.1% 29.1% 4.9 G Figure 6, iven thaM t on edly ia s n Ye o Dma isa tr r ny w s ib 4 1of .5u 9.0 tork T ion enu er of r se a ct 4 ou .h t 9 Cur e ld Y he ra ent J a vr es wor 4 .of ob 9 k T for ed enWage & u more t re 4 .9ath Cu a Sn 2 ar la re r 5 yea y W 4 n .9t ork Job rs a er for ts on AgW e es job a 20 g e b eca or Ol & Sus a dle o er ar Wor y f their king age for s , 32.6% 11.1% • Federal government workers h 2a 6.d 4% the longest media 12 n tenure .9% s, while state and local workers had median • Tenure — the length of time that workers have been employe 13.6% d at their 14.2 curr % ent job 14.2% (in years). understood to be the case for each of the worker3 c 1.las 6%ses (federal, state, local, and private sector). wor a wor dminis k f ker orc s wit tre. ath iv Wit t e hh s e lo uppor tha nges t sta ( 55t i 8 s d . t .2t 4 % ,a enu % tth e a e s res nd h if wer l8 toc s .2 wit % a el) d ;h ecre a in nd aa pr ge g siote ng ro . F cti ups were n urt ve s her ermore, vice ( ot p lo arca ll on cl l) ou aoc sn sc ced es upa of ftor mos ipub onslic . M -ts e a ect d ge iaor w s n ten and ork ure f w 1er 5 ork .3 s % or l h er a oc d al both state and 8. lo 7%cal workers ages 60 or older 9. h 3% ad a med 9.4i% an tenure of 14.0 ye 4.6 ars, up fr 9om .4% 12.0 years for 9.6% 3 9 2 0 6 .6 ..5 4 % % % 29.1% 9.6% 90% 2 30 01 .0 4% 4.0 34.0% 70% Workers Ages 30 –39, by Class of Worker, 2000 –2018 figures 10, 1 State or 1, a nd Loc 12 s al Gh over ow the p nmen er tscen in S ta peci gesf ic Oc of sta cup te, loca ation l, s,a 2006 nd priv –a 2018 te-secto ................................ r workers with 25 o .................... r more 10 25.6% 4.3 14.3% t1enu 09 .0 0%res th 14a .6 t% were just below those of federal government work 11 5 4.er .0 0% s and ne 14a .0rly equal to each ot 14 h .0er. In 15.5% 15.5% 16.7% 16.6% 21.2% pr longer otect tiv enu e srer es v,ice w on aork verer a 17 gs .3 e t % , end thae n tha d1 t 7o be .0t% of pr high iva es tet- in t sector he per wor iod ker b sut de . Concline seque d f ntl rom y, r 10 yea etiremen rs in 2 t pr 21.ogr 7% 016 to ams in 8 ye the ars classes 90% . 24.6% local work 100% ers and 13.0 years for state 52.6% workers in 2000. For those in their 50s, the me 23.4% dian tenure ranged 90% 52.2% 4.0 2.6% 1.0% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.7% 1.1% 0.7% 0.6% 3.9 0.4% 1.4% Tenu 14r .0e Distribution Trends 27.8% years o • fM ten edure b ian tenu y agres e — 4 5 th– e ten 64. A um re tha ong t a r llepr thres ee w ents t orker he mi clad ss des le (h , th ae p lf her av cen e longer t 28t.a 7% ge ofe 45 nur – es 54 a -year nd h-a old lf h sa wit ve h 25 53% 2016 2018, the median tenure for sta 31t.e gov 5% ernment workers was below that of local government workers — 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 32.5% 13.0 50.5% pr Figure 7, in 201 ivate s 8 ( ector Figure Med ia ar n Ye 6). How e not arlik s of ev el er y mod Tenu , a s re a el imilar s tf Cur or t dh eclin rent J e pub e oc ob lic s f curr or ector Wage & ed in , giv 2010 en the Sala b ry W e sfe te ore t ork nure enu ers A r d e g ifes a fer gain reb 20 ence or Ol s a ou nd dn er d t,h e b d e y C . str las ons g of W from e w1 o2.0 uld like to tha years to 15.0 y nk the follo ears for b w oth ing Partner state 34.a 7n %ds lo of the PR cal worker 34RL. .7s % , wit h state workers having a median tenure of 22.4% 15.4% 15.4% 98 .0 0% 16.2% 14.0 36 .0 0% 15.9% 23.5% 80% 17.5% 17.6% or more ye short ars er of ten teures) nure 2 of d 5.ecline 5% all th de ft renu om 20 res00 of– th 2e w 018. ork Ser tas te work in the c eroh 1 s7 ’ .ort 6 s% ha o rfe inter fell f 17.e 4r% s om 1 t. 3.4 percent1 t 1 7o 10 7 .0 .% 8% .5 42.1% 17.5% The excepti 90% on was a 4mo 2.6% ng federal w 26.ork 5% ers. T 20 h .0 e %share of federal workers in their 20 17.8s % with the shortest tenure 7.0 vs. 6. 80% 0 years. 43.4% pr Cons evaeq 8 lence 0% uen of tly, d ae no fine thd er b ye en aef r of it (D da Bt) pl a is anec ns. es Ths er aef ry t ore, o dd eter efine min d co e ifntr thib is i ution s a tr(en DC) d or if it plans iwill n the p rebou ubl nd ic s aector gain l ike it Wor 2ker 000 and G 23eogr 2 .1 0% 04 aphic R 20egion, 2 06 014 2 20 50 .7 8– % 2018 ................................ 2010 2012 ................................ 2014 2016 ....................... 2021 0818 10 13.0 years and local workers 2 4 h .1 a % ving a median tenu 2r 3e of .7% 14.0 years in 2018. 47.7% Taking the additional step to examine the full t 22.5en % ure distribution of the workers in each class shows a clear 23.9% 25.5% 24.6% 26.9% 26.8% 22.1% 22.3% percent, local workers’ share 12.9 percent to 8.9 percent, and private-sector w 4 26 5 .7 .1 % % orkers’ (the smallest share in 25.8% 21.9% (1 year or less) decreased substantially from 2000 to 20 46.418 % (42.0 2 7per .6%cent to 25.1 percent), while the share 1 82 .0 .0 24.2% 45.9% 45.8% co did ul id n 20 hav 1 e d 2 a ifnd fer 2 ent ap 014. I pr n oco prntr iate a asts , s set tata e lled ocuc ation ation, stra tr ta egies giv ining, and en the g librarua y w rork ante eed rs t i rnco endme c ed toomin wardg th fre om t ir loh wes e t Foundin 36.0% g Partners: 70% moveme 47 5 7% 0 0% %nt of federal workers to shorter tenures (Figure 13). In 2000, 24.7 percent of f 22ed .7% eral workers had • Class2 of 5.2 w %orker — determined by the type of employers th2 e w 4.5% orkers are employed by in th 25 eir .9% current 80% All Public Sector - All 24.1% Federal State Local Private Sector Figure 8, Percentage of Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 or Older With 10 or More Years of Tenure at Current 22.7% 23.4% a ll years) 10.4 12 per .0 cent t 2 1o 2 3..0 6 7.2 % percent. 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 • Fe 7d 0% eral workers’ median tenure had a significant d2e 7cline f .7% rom 2 20.7%000–2018, w 25.3% hile all of the other with more 70% than 1 year of tenure to 2 years had a corresponding increase from 16.5 percent to 31.4 percent Among state and local workers ages 40–49, the median tenure ranged from 8.0 years to 11.0 years from 24.7% 25.0% in 201 DB pla8 n, w , whe hicre h 41 co .9 s% ta uld te me offic ae a n mo ndr a e i dn mi ves nis tm trent in r ative supp iskiort er4 a wor 3.s 5% sets kera sn h da les d as s er h n ort ee er d tfenu or inc re lev ome el- g tener han a at lling a other ss ets. Capital Group / 32 A .2% merican Funds 22.4% 21% 23.3% 25.1% 20 or more years of ten 2ure an 0.0% d 34.6 percent had 10–19 years of tenure (59.3 percen4t6 c .9% ombined). By 2018, 42.8% 7.0 job. T1 h 7ey co .9% nsist of public-sector workers, who can work for a federal, state, or local gover 23nme .7% nt, Job, by Class of 2 W 0.8% orker, 2 2 3000 1 0. .7 1% %–2018..................................................................................................... 11 Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 20042 –9 2.01 1% 8 Current Population Surveys. 21.6% (Figure wor ker 21)s . h Likewi 41a .6d % similar l se, the ev per els cen of m tag ed e o iafn te fednure er 20a .7l wor % duri ker ng t s a ha ge t per s 6io 0 a d.nd older wi 45t .0 h % 1 year or less of tenure 11.0 19.3% 19.0% 2000–2018. By 2018, both types of worker4s 1 .3 th %ese ages had a median tenure of 10 yea 19.4r% s. Local workers in 60% 25.4% 19.3% In a worker ddit sio . 70 n, % public-sector workers were less likely to cha 21 nge job .1% s, which would mea 22.1 n %fewer opport 24.unities 5% for 16 4 00 0 .0 % % Invesco 40.9% 21.8% 22.1% t hese numbers had fallen to 21.4 percent and 24.4 percent (45.8 percent combined), res 25.pe 9%ctively. Federal The trend for workers ages 55–59 and 60–64 does not display a 1cle 0.5 ar pattern. While the share with 25 or and private-sector worker4 s 0, inclu .2% ding those employed at for-profit and not-for-profit companies. 60% 20.2% 60% decre 41a % sed, wit 18.1 h % a corresponding increase o2 f8 t .3 h % ose with 10–19 years of tenure resulting (Figure 25). In their 30s 6.0 reached a longer tenure in 2012 than sta 3t 4e work .4% ers ever reached from 2000–2018, but both Figure 9, Perc 10 entag .0 e of Wage & Salary Workers Ages 20 o 10.0 r Older With 25 or M 10.0ore Year1s 0 o .0 f Tenure 10.a 0t Current leakage and more continuous participation. However, tenures for some groups of public-sector workers were Nationwide 30.7% 36.1% 31.1% 24.9% 41.9% workers with more tha 28n .6 1 % year of tenure to 2 years and 5–9 years of tenure had the largest gains. more years of tenure for each 28 .wor 4% ker class of those 28a .3ges % 55–59 wa 31s .4 low % er in 2018 than it was in 2000, the 28.8% • The median tenure of workers increased with their age through 50–59 for state and local government 50% 60% 40.9% contrast, the share of federal workers in their 3 30.7%0s with 10 ye 29.0a % rs or more of tenure declined sharply from 19.2% Geo worker gr ta yp pes hi c h Re ad ag me ion d 3ia 0.0 n tenure % 27 of .7% 5.0 years in 2018. Local workers in t 27 h .6ei %r 20s had median ten 40.2% ures 5 30 0% %Job, by Class of Worker, 2000–2018................................ 40.2% ..................................................................... 12 decreasing, so understanding how to incorpor 27a .1t % e more shorter-tenure workers may involv 19.6% e some 2 t 5.5 w % eaking of • Wage a 31 9.7 8.% 4 nd % salary workers — workers w 9.h 0o earn their wages through working for someone else or a 39.7% 39.5% 25.9% 31.6% 39.5% trend incr 50% eased and 2 1d .9ecre % ased before the 2018 levels were reached. State workers’ share fell to 18 16.0 .6% 55 8 .0 0 .0% 21.0% 19.9% 25.6% 16.0% 19.0% 21.3% 17.5% 26.5% workers. Above thes8 e a .5 ges in most years, median tenure was2 s 3.h 5% orter for workers ages 60 or older. 25.3% 25.7% 2000–2018 (from 41.9 percent to 24.1 percent), while those with 7 4 .0 years or less increa 38.2% sed from 3 19.2.5 9% consistently just above those of the state workers by approximately one-half of a year. In 2018 20.4%, local The other three worker cla 18.2s % ses did 1 n 6.8ot h % ave such a large shift in the tenure 2d 3is .1% tribution from 2000–2018. the retirco eme mp nt any, w progrh aich ms exclu . des unincorporate 16.5% d self-employed workers. Supporting Partners: 20.3% 33.2% 8.0 17.0% 35% 50% 21.0% 18.0% 17.1% per Figure 10, cen 40t% in 2 P012 be ercentafge o ore r f e S atch ate Wage & S ing 21.6 per ace lary nt in 20 Worker 18. T s A 6.ges 5he s 45 ha– re o 64 Wit f loch a 25 l wor or ker Ms o wa re Y sea as rs h of ig h T a enure s 26.4 at 20.7% 20.4% 16.5% 16.4% A much shorter trend is available for geographic regions 18 ( .62014 % –201 16.4% 8), but some revealing observations can per cent to 47.5 percent (Figure 22). And fed1 er 5.8 a% l workers in their 40s also had a significant shift2 t 0o .9% shorter 4 20 0% % 25.3% 18.9% worker 4.0s’ median tenure was 1.9 yea 17.7r% s compared with 1.5 years for state workers. However, there was a small shift away from the shortest tenures 1 in e 7.7% ach of th 6.e 0 remaining worker classes. 40% ICMA-RC 21.7% 40% 23.0% percent (2006) and as lo 15.7 w as % 16.5 per 5.7 cent (2 5.012) 7 before settling at 21.6 percent in 2018. Private-sector Current Job, by Age, 2000–2018 ........................................................................................................... 13 • The percentage of local government workers with 10 or more years of tenure experienced an uptick from 5.5 5.5 be seen with only this short time frame. Wor 1ker 9.1% s from the Northeast tended to have the longest tenures 6.0 t Tenu he m res os : tT s hte s riking r hare es wit ult h 1 fr0 or more y om this stud ea y ris t s of h t e enu age re did sr tr oppe ibution d fro om 7 f wor 0ker .4 per s in th cen e t t pub o 41 lic s .9 per ector cent. T , as th he s e hare of 14% 13.1% 19.0% 40% 12.8% The percentage of state workers with 1 year or less of tenure decreased, while the share with 3–4 years Overall Median Tenure, by Class of Worker 12.5%5.0 5.0 30% Prudential 19.5% 16.5% 15.2% workers’ percentage climbed to 17.3 percent in 201 186 a .3%nd then fell to 14.9 percent in 2018 (figur 15e .4s %10, 11, 2000 3.0 –2016 before falling back to its 2000 level in 2018, while the percentage of state workers with 14.7% 22.1% 14.6% 17.2% 17.0% Gend In the pr er ? iv a Whe te sn co ector, w mpa ork riner g b s’ me y the gen d 14 ia .0n ten %der o ure f1 t 3h a .7e l% so wor in 23creas ker .5%s, t ed 1 h 8e . wit 4% me hd tia heir n tenure age 1s 5. .6 s B % of ut unlike p males ha ubl ve b ic-een sector 13 a .4 ye %ar across 10 e %ach class of worker (Figure 7). In contrast, workers from the West tended to have shorter tenures per thos cen e in their 30t% age of 40s tho i ss e wit sha h r p 3ly – 9 ye declini ars ng. T of ten his ure mea cons rre ts hpon at td hingly e work in crea force will sed ( 1 b Fig 9.3 ec % ure ome 23). signi fic1 a 3ntl .7% y younger in 5 Figure 11, Percentage of Local Wa 1ge & 4.0% Sala 16r.y W 8% orkers Ages 45–64 With 25 or More Years of Tenure at 29% 19.4% 27.4% increa 3 3s 0 0% % ed (Figure 14). T 1h 4e .6 per % centage of loc1 a 5l wor .1% kers with 2 yea 2 1 7 r 4 .s 2 .1 % or l % ess of tenure decreased, whereas the 15.8% 14.3% 26.9% 27.0% 26.9% 14.2% Voya Financial 16.0% 13.7% 13.0% 23.8% 12.9% 13.6% and 12). 12.7% 20.5% 12.6% this tenure declined before returning to its 2000 level in 2018. 12.0% 2 12 1.0 .9% % longer th 30a % n f1or fe 2.9% males1 f 0o .8r% most o 1f0 t .8 h % e 2000–2018 period for sta 10 te a .5%nd local workers (e.g., in 2018 among wor than t ker hs os , te in he htig he oth hest er me rd eigions an ten . T ure wa h 2e 3.0exc % sept not fo ion i 21.4 rs % t h loc osa e l wor a 14 ge .7% ker s 50 s – fr59. om the W The me es dtia , who n tenure se ten s f ure wa or each s 15 o .a 1nly l % ge g orwer oup 12.7% 21.5% to 10 years, as the large 22s .3h % are of workers ages 50 or older will be retiring while the smaller share now in The me 20% dCur ian t rent J enu 7.5%rob, b e for y A all ge, 2000 wage and – s 2018 alary ................................ wor 25.2ker % s ages 20 or old ................................ er in 2018 21 was .9%................................ equal to its 2000 ........... level at 13 2.0 percen 4.0 tages2 wit 4.8%h 3–4 and 10–19 years increased (Figure 15). The share of privat1 e 0-.s 1ect % 20.7 or w % orkers with 2 20.8% 15.0% 13 1 .2 4.% 9% 13.7% 8.0% 13.4% 23.9% Among st 0% ate, local, and private-sect 23.6or w % orkers, shifts in tenure distribution by age were less clear. Fo 9.0% r wer state e work equ 20% aer l to o s, 7. r v 0 yea ery cl rs os for male e to their s v 2 s 1000 level 4 . .9 6.0 f % or fe 18.0s % in 2 males 018, ra ) (Figure nging fro 7.3% 2). Howev m 1.6 er yea , t 7.5h % e me rs for t dian hos te in th enures eir o 20s f both toma le than that o 3f local workers from the Northeast. Federal and local work 2.8 ers had 11 t .6h %e longest ten 8.8ures % across 2 20 0% % 9.0% 4.9 their year 40s s .st S aince 2 rts to mo 00v 0e i , th ne me to the 5 dian 10 1.- 2or t% enu -old re err a ea gc eh gr ed o up as. h Wit igh ha ts h e 5. you 16 1. 9 4ye .% 3 nger % ars -in tha 2n 0-10 but age-50 never cohort fell b making up elow 4.9 a 12.9% 71 .3 1 % .8% 12.3% 12.4% years or less of tenu6r.e 1% had a similar decrease, going from 4 13.4% 111 .7. % 2 percent in 2000 to 36.2 percent in 2018 While the trends for each 2.4 of5 t .3 h % e worker classe 2.s 4 of those 2.a 4 ges 60–64 were not straight lines, each class had Contrib 20% 200uting 0 Part 200ne 4 rs: 2 2.0306 2008 11 2.001 % 0 12 00 .1 1% 2 2014 2016 2018 Figure 12, Percentage of Private-Sector Wage & Salary Workers Ages 45–64 9.Wit 0% h 25 or More Years of • The percentage of workers in each class with 25 or more years of ten1 ure w 2.4% as essentially flat from 2000– 23% worker 1.0s in their 20s, the share with5 t .h 8% e short 10es .6% t ten 12ures .2% declined in 2010 before returning to their 2000 and fe 1ma 0% le local workers were longer than those of the same genders of stat 2e .0 workers. P 2.0 rivate-sector 10.0 years for t 1.9hose ages 60 o 15.7 r% older (Figure 5). State and local workers had longer median tenures t 1.9 han each region, while private-sector workers generally had the shortest tenure 5s .8 a %cross each region. For larger and larger share of the public-sector work force going 5.7 forw % ard, retirement programs are likely going to years (Figure 5 .5 1) %. The median tenure of public-sector workers was significantly higher than that of private- 5.2% ( Figure 16). 26.0% 5.2% 5.3% 4.9% 2000 2004 2006 62 .5 0% 08 2010 21 01 1.2 5% 2014 14.1% 2016 2018 a higherB sen ha T re ay 8.of 9% lor, Calla workers n wit — h 25 o PRRL Co r more ye -Chaia rr s of tenure in 2018 than in 2000. The state worker share in 23.9% 2.0 Tenure at Current Job, by Age, 2000 20–29 –2018 30–39 ................................ 40–49 50–59 ................................ 60+ .......................... 11.7% 14 2018, with private-s 2ector 2.5% workers having t 22.h 5% e lowest percentage and federal w 25ork .3%er 22s .4 h % 1a 0.v 8ing t % 2h 2.0 e h %ighest. 10% 21.3% 21.2% levels in 10% 2018 2.5% (Figure 21). The overall distributions of tenures for these workers looked 9. v 3% ery similar in 2000 wor privker at1 e 0s -% s h ector ad th w e ork sher ort ses in t e med achi a an te ge gr nures oup ex wit cept h vir ft or uaa llges y no 20 dif – f2 er 9. Amo ences b ng you etwee nn the ge g worker nd s, m ers ed in t ian te his time nure was example, in the Northeast in 2018, 7 pub .6%lic-sector worker 18s .8 % had median tenures ranging from 7.0 ye 22.0a % rs to 9.0 6.2% 6.3% nee sector d t w o en 1ork 0%co erm s in pas ea s pr chogr yea ar ms , peaki thatng a look a t 7. t8 th ye e to ars ta in l f 5 2000 .ina 4%nces vs of . 3 t .9 he work years f er or s, a pris v t ah te es -se ect ca or n wor be m ker ore impor s in thatt ant 16.8% 4.9% 4.8% 5.0% 19.3% 8.9% 0.0 14.8% 31 .9 4 % .7% 16.0% 15.0% 3.4% 14.3% 2018 was closest to its 2 13.000 level 3% 1 13 4 , w . .7 2 16 % % h .3ile b % oth the local worker and private-1 s3 e .2 ctor % worker shares were over Wendy Carter, Segal 15.6 1% 3.0% — PRRL Co-Chai 13.6% r 12.3% 13.0% 12.8% 13.5% 0% Federal 14.6% State 15.L 0o % cal 12.9% Private Sector Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 2004–2018 Current 1P 2o.0 pu % lation Surveys. 13.2% and 2018 despite shifts in 2010. The share of stat1 e 2.wor 1% kers in their 30s with less than 2 years of tenure period 7% . In 2018, the median tenure for both male and female private-sector workers was 4.0 years, lower for state w 9.9% orkers (ages 20–29) than for private-sector workers of the same ages (1.5 years and 1.6 years c Figure 13, omp D air sed trib wit ution o h 5.0f y th ea e Ye r 9s .7 % fa or p rs of riv T aen te-ure at C sector w urr ork ent J ers. S ob fo imilar r Fed 9 d .isp 0 er %a al W rities age per & S siste alary d a Wor cros ker s a sll A of ges th 2 e 0 or for the younger workers. This could include various financial wellbeing programs, such as emergency savings same year. Notably, however, federal workers were the only group with a sizable decline in median tenure 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 1.5 percentage points higher in 2018 than in 2000. The local worker share was the highest and again the • WorB ker ren s fda A 2r 0om th 00 nders e Nort 2on, Nat 004heast t ionw end 2006ed ide to h — PRR a 20 v0 e the l 8 L Vic on e Chair 2 g 0es 10 t tenu re 20s 1 2across e 2a 01c 4h class of 201 wor 6 ker, w 201h 8ile Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 2004–2018 Current Population Surveys. 0% 0% 0% 0% declined by 2018 from 31.2 percent to 24.3 percent, while those with 3–9 years of tenure increased to 51.8 years comp,a 0 .rr 0e ed specti withv 8.0 y ely, in ea 201 rs for male 8). local workers (the longest) and 6.0 years for female state workers (the regions. Older, 2000–2018 .................................................................................................................................. 15 pr from 2 ograms 000 , s –t2018 udent l , g oa oing n dfe rb om 1 t progr 2.0 to 8. ams, a 0 yea nd over rs. a Nllon bud ethele geting pr ss, thogr at r a em msa . T inh ed es c eon prs ogr ider ams ably ca higher t n help es han t tab hlish e Federal State Local Private Sector 2 2 20 0 00 0 00 0 0 2 2 20 0 00 0 04 4 4 2 2 20 0 00 0 06 6 6 2 2 20 0 00 0 08 8 8 2 2 20 0 01 1 10 0 0 2 2 20 0 01 1 12 2 2 2 2 20 0 01 1 14 4 4 2 2 20 0 01 1 16 6 6 2 2 20 0 01 1 18 8 8 private-sector w 20ork 00 er s 20h 1a 0 re wa 201 s8 the l2owes 000 t. 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 Keith Overly — PRRL Plan Sponsor Advisory Council workers f2r0om th 00 e W2e 0s 04 t tended2 0t0 o h 6 ave sh 20 ort 08 er tenur 20es 10 than th 2os 012e in the2 oth 014 er regions 2016, except 20f1or l 8 ocal percent from 43.9 percent (Figure 22). But the tenure distributions of local and private-sector workers in shortest). the overall finances of the younger 45 w –ork 54 ers so that they h 55–59 ave their finances 60 in –64 order to prepare for median tenure of private-sector workers, which was 4.0 years in 2018. Federal State Local Private Sector Figure 14, Distribution of the Years20 of –29 Tenure at C 30–39 urrent J 40ob fo –49 r Sta 50 te –59 Wage & 6 0S +alary Workers Ages 20 or Federal 11 o o r rL e Le ss ss >1 Sta >1 –t2 e–2 3–43–4 5–9 5–9 10–19L 10 oca –19 l 20 or Mo 20r e or More Private Sector workers, whose tenures were 1 20 ojus r– L 29 ests below >1 t 30 h –2 –o 39 se of3 w –4or40 ker –49s 5 f –9rom the 50 10––59 N 19orthea 20 s 6 t o0 .r+ More their 30s were very similar in 2000 and 2018. The tenure distributions for state, local, and private-sector r etirement instead of struggling to meet current financial obligations. Sou S S Sro o o cu u u eOlder, 20 r r r :c c c Ee e eB : : : R E E EIB B B e R R RsI I It ie e e m s s sa t t tiiitm m m e00 a a a s t t tfe e e ro s s s– m f f fr r r o o o 2 tm m m h018 e t t t F h h he e e eb F F Fre e e u b b b ................................ ar r r ry u u u a a a 2r r r0 y y y0 2 2 200 0 0 a 0 0 0n 0 0 0d a a a Ja n n nd d dn Ja Ja Ja uan n n ry u u u a a a 2004 r r ry y y 2 2 20 0 0–0 0 024 4 4 0– – –12 2 2 8 ................................ 0 0 0C 1 1 1u 8 8 8r C C C re u u un r r rr r rt e e ePn n not t t pP P Puo o ola p p ptu u u io llla a ant t tiiiS o o ou n n nrS S S ve u u uys r r rve ve ve . ys ys ys..................................................................... 15 Source: EBRI estimates from the January 2014 1 or – 2 L0 e1 ss 8 Current P >1 op –u 2lation Surve 3–ys 4 . 5–9 10–19 20 or More SourceS : o Eu BrR cIe : e E stB im RIa teess t im fro am te s t h fr eo F m e b th ru ea F ry eb 2r0u0a0 ry a2 n0 d0 Ja 0 n au na dr y Ja 2n0u0a4 ry –2 20 01 18 0 C au nrd re 2n0t 1P8o C pu ur la re tin ot nPSoupru ve lays tio .n Surveys. workers all remained close to the same in 2018 as they were 2010. The one change that did stand out was Source: EBRI estimates from the February 2000 and January 2010 and 2018 Current Population Surveys. PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR A PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PR PRrR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R eL L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L s e a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rcM M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M hay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay ay re p 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7o , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , r2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fr2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2o0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0m • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • th e N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o P.......................u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b lic Retirement Research Institu te © Public Retirement Research Institute 2020 18 20 12 14 11 19 16 21 15 10 23 17 22 13 24 9 3 4 2 6 8 7 5 10.0 Northeast 9.0 9.0 10.0 Midwest 7.0 10.0 8.0 South 10.0 8.0 7.0 West 8.0 8.0 10.0 Northeast 7.0 7.0 8.0 Midwest 5.0 7.0 7.0 South 6.0 7.0 6.0 West 6.0 5.0 10.0 Northeast 10.0 9.0 8.0 Midwest 8.0 7.0 7.5 South 7.0 7.0 8.0 West 9.0 7.0 5.4 Northeast 4.9 5.0 5.8 Midwest 4.7 4.7 4.5 South 4.7 4.0 4.5 West 4.3 4.0